Traffic and meteorological impacts on near-road air quality: summary of methods and trends from the Raleigh Near-Road Study

A growing number of epidemiological studies conducted worldwide suggest an increase in the occurrence of adverse health effects in populations living, working, or going to school near major roadways. A study was designed to assess traffic emissions impacts on air quality and particle toxicity near a heavily traveled highway. In an attempt to describe the complex mixture of pollutants and atmospheric transport mechanisms affecting pollutant dispersion in this near-highway environment, several real-time and time-integrated sampling devices measured air quality concentrations at multiple distances and heights from the road. Pollutants analyzed included U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-regulated gases, particulate matter (coarse, fine, and ultrafine), and air toxics. Pollutant measurements were synchronized with real-time traffic and meteorological monitoring devices to provide continuous and integrated assessments of the variation of near-road air pollutant concentrations and particle toxicity with changing traffic and environmental conditions, as well as distance from the road. Measurement results demonstrated the temporal and spatial impact of traffic emissions on near-road air quality. The distribution of mobile source emitted gas and particulate pollutants under all wind and traffic conditions indicated a higher proportion of elevated concentrations near the road, suggesting elevated exposures for populations spending significant amounts of time in this microenvironment. Diurnal variations in pollutant concentrations also demonstrated the impact of traffic activity and meteorology on near-road air quality. Time-resolved measurements of multiple pollutants demonstrated that traffic emissions produced a complex mixture of criteria and air toxic pollutants in this microenvironment. These results provide a foundation for future assessments of these data to identify the relationship of traffic activity and meteorology on air quality concentrations and population exposures.     

充分利用水泥工艺特点多途径综合利用工业废渣

主要结合水泥工艺的特点 ,阐述了以矿渣代替优质水泥熟料作为非熟料晶种 ,以硫磷渣代替天然二水石膏作为矿化剂及缓凝剂 ,以湿排粉煤灰、煤矸石和煤渣作为水泥混合材 ,可生产出符合国标 175 - 92规定的 4 2 5 #普通硅酸盐水泥 ,具有良好的经济效益和社会效益     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition (SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O₃ and PM_2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM_2.5 and 8-hour O₃ for a proposed emission control policy.     

叶面喷施硫对镉污染土壤中水稻累积镉的机制研究

Cd（镉）污染稻田已成为影响全球农田土壤环境安全的重要问题,叶面喷施技术可以提高水稻对Cd的抗性,减少其对Cd的累积,保证农产品质量安全、维护土壤生态功能、防范环境和人体健康风险.通过两年四季的湖南省长沙县田间试验,探索叶面喷施S（以Na₂S计）在中轻度Cd污染稻田中的降镉、增产效果及其可推广性,进而设计水培试验,探究相关机制.结果表明:田间试验中,叶面喷施S可以将水稻产量提高6%~30%,水稻籽粒w（Cd）降低28%~50%.叶面喷施S能够增加水稻叶片的捕光能力和电子传递速率,与对照组相比,净光合速率提高2%~25%、气孔导度提高7%~25%、胞间CO₂浓度提高2%~10%、蒸腾速率提高1%~11%;实际光化学效率提升3%~21%,也可在一定程度上减缓光合系统结构和功能受到的损伤,同时提高光合作用碳同化的效率,提高水稻产量.傅里叶变换红外光谱图显示,叶面喷施S通过增强有机大分子类物质（如有机酸、多肽类等）的生成,可能直接与Cd发生螯合,区隔在细胞壁或者液泡上,降低Cd的侵害.研究显示,叶面喷施S在Cd胁迫水稻中积极参与生化过程的特定光合作用和蛋白质合成的调节,减轻了水稻Cd胁迫,可以尝试在同类型重金属污染农田土壤中推广.      

利用处理含4-氯苯酚模拟废水的剩余污泥培养普通小球藻

利用处理含4-氯苯酚(4-CP)模拟废水的剩余污泥经离心得到的上层清液和下层污泥的提取液分别培养普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris),以达到处理剩余污泥上清液和提取液与培养小球藻的双重目的.试验在500 m L的锥形瓶中进行,将BG-11培养基与处理含4-CP模拟废水的剩余污泥提取液和上清液分别按不同比例混合,在光暗比14∶10条件下培养小球藻.试验考察了藻细胞数目、叶绿素a,藻细胞酶活性,油脂、液相总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总有机碳(TOC)、毒性等指标.结果表明,小球藻培养过程中,可有效降低污泥提取液与上清液中的营养物质含量及毒性,其中TN和TP去除率分别达到40%和90%以上;污泥提取液可促进藻密度的增殖但不利于合成叶绿素a;培养10 d后,50%污泥提取液组的藻密度增加20倍,但其单位藻细胞的叶绿素a含量却小于空白组.纯污泥提取液和上清液组的小球藻单位藻细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD酶)高于空白组,这说明污泥提取液和上清液的毒性物质对小球藻具有一定的刺激效应.以小球藻内油脂积累作为其资源化价值的关键评价指标,结合液相氮磷和毒性物质的去除,最优的小球藻收集时间为培养第5 d.     

典型电子拆解地两种指示生物监测重金属污染的对比研究

利用ICP-MS定量测定了温岭市电子垃圾拆解地区的大灰藓及樟树叶中的12种金属元素的含量,对比分析了两种指示生物对不同金属元素的富集情况.结果显示,不同地区样品中的所有金属含量呈现污染区对照区的趋势,其中苔藓中As、Cr、Mn、Se、V和Cd,樟树叶中Cr、Cu、Ni、Se、Sb和Cd的含量呈现重污染区轻度污染区对照区的趋势.拆解区中樟树叶中除Mn以外的金属总含量(所有金属含量之和)要低于苔藓.除Mn、Cr和Se以外的其它9种金属在苔藓中的含量要显著高于樟树叶中的金属含量(p0.05),但苔藓中金属含量的标准偏差要大于樟树叶.由污染因子(pollution factor)的结果表明苔藓及树叶样品中的金属Sn、Sb及Cd的污染因子最高;另外,研究通过比较树叶样品的不同预处理过程对最终含量测定的影响,发现经超纯水清洗的树叶样品中所有金属浓度要明显低于未经清洗的样品,并且标准偏差较低,数值稳定性好.主成分分析结果表明,Co、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sn及Cd为密切相关的一类元素,主要来源于电子废弃物拆解行为,而Mn、As及Se为第二类元素,主要来源于地质因素.     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的氨氮研究

垃圾填埋场渗滤液成分复杂,其氨氮的测定干扰物质多,测定难度大.气相分子吸收光谱法是一种较为新兴的方法,通过对气相分子吸收光谱法和传统纳氏试剂分光光度法系统的比较,研究气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮的分析方法.结果表明,气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮操作便捷、干扰小、精密度好,中浓度与高浓度废水测定结果能较好的与纳氏试剂光度法测定结果法吻合,超低浓度废水的测定结果低于纳氏试剂分光光度法.为监测工作者分析方法的选择提供依据.     

Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China

Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO₂ and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26–4.58 km^?1 and averaged at 0.93 km^?1 for aerosol extinction, 0.49 to 35.2 ppb and averaged at 4.57 ppb for NO₂ and 0.03 to 7.38 ppb and averaged at 1.05 ppb for HONO. Moreover, vertical profiles of aerosol, NO₂ and HONO were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg Profile (HEIPRO) algorithm. By analysing the vertical gradients of pollutants and meteorological information, we found that aerosol and HONO are strongly localised, while NO₂ is mainly transmitted from the north direction (city center direction). Nitrogen oxides such as HONO and NO₂ are important for the production of hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidative capacity in the troposphere. In this study, the averaged value of OH production rate from HONO is about 0.63 ppb/hr and maximum value of ratio between OH production from HONO and from (HONO+O₃) is > 93% before12:00 in Leshan. In addition, combustion emission contributes to 26% for the source of HONO in Leshan, and we found that more NO₂ being converted to HONO under the conditions with high aerosol extinction coefficient and high relative humidity is also a dominant factor for the secondary produce of HONO.     

Vertical distributions of tropospheric SO2 based on MAX-DOAS observations: Investigating the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer

Information on the vertical distribution of air pollutants is essential for understanding their spatiotemporal evolution underlying urban atmospheric environment. This paper presents the SO₂ profiles based on ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements from March 2018 to February 2019 in Hefei, East China. SO₂ decrease rapidly with increasing heights in the warm season, while lifted layers were observed in the cold season, indicating accumulation or long-range transport of SO₂ in different seasons might occur at different heights. The diurnal variations of SO₂ were roughly consistent for all four seasons, exhibiting the minimum at noon and higher values in the morning and late afternoon. Lifted layers of SO₂ were observed in the morning for fall and winter, implying the accumulation or transport of SO₂ in the morning mainly occurred at the top of the boundary layer. The bivariate polar plots showed that weighted SO₂ concentrations in the lower altitude were weakly dependent on wind, but in the middle and upper altitudes, higher weighted SO₂ concentrations were observed under conditions of middle-high wind speed. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis suggested that potential sources of SO₂ in spring and summer were local and transported mainly occurred in the lower altitude from southern and eastern areas; while in fall and winter, SO₂ concentrations were deeply affected by long-range transport from northwestern and northern polluted regions in the middle and upper altitudes. Our findings provide new insight into the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer on SO₂ pollution.     

吸附法去除水体中腐殖酸的研究进展

腐殖酸是饮用水消毒副产物的前驱物,成为饮用水微污染的控制对象.介绍了吸附法在去除水体中的腐殖酸的研究应用,阐述了炭质吸附剂、树脂吸附剂和无机矿物质吸附剂去除腐殖酸的研究进展,并展望了复合功能树脂在控制水体微污染中的应用前景.