黑龙江省近12年甲醛柱浓度时空变化及其影响因素

利用OMI传感器数据,研究黑龙江省2005~2016年对流层甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征,并探究甲醛柱浓度的主要影响因素.结果表明：近12年甲醛柱浓度值整体呈上升趋势,平均增速为0.43×10¹⁵（molec×a）/cm²,2005~2013年逐年加剧,2013~2014年小幅回降,2014~2016年趋于平稳;四季甲醛浓度水平为：夏季>秋季>冬季>春季;月均变化趋势符合正弦曲线分布,年内甲醛柱浓度最低值一般出现在2~3月,最高值一般在6~7月;空间整体分布具有明显梯度,呈现“南高北低”状态,高值区主要分布在哈尔滨市、大庆市等南部地区,低值区分布在大兴安岭地区、黑河市等地区;空间浓度变化显著,2005~2008年全省在1~4级水平污染内,2009年起首次出现6级污染,2009~2013年6级水平污染区域扩大,2014年6级水平污染区域明显缩小,2014~2016年以4~6级水平污染为主且分布均匀;甲醛柱浓度分布对地形地貌、风向、气温、降水变化均会产生响应,能源消费、工业生产、汽车保有量、建筑装修、化肥施用等是甲醛柱浓度变化的重要影响因素.     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区土壤-植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响

以太湖地区两种典型的水稻土（乌泥土和白土）为供试土壤，在盆栽条件下种植多年生黑麦草，并配制不同pH值的模拟酸雨浇灌。通过多次刈割鲜草，研究模拟酸雨对土壤－植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响。结果表明：对植物体内铜含量的影响是模拟酸雨和“稀释效应”两种影响综合作用的结果。试验初期，表现为处理黑麦草体内铜含量低于对照；随收割茬次的增加，表现出随处理pH的降低，黑麦草体内铜含量的增加，且对缓冲能力弱的白土影响强度大于缓冲能力较强的乌泥土；对土壤pH有明显影响，随模拟酸雨作用时间增长，土壤pH下降，其降幅随处理pH的降低而增大；模拟酸雨主要影响交换态铜，表现为随处理pH的降低交换态铜的分配系数增高，在处理pH＝3．0时影响到碳酸盐结合态铜，只有强酸化条件下（处理pH＝2．0）才影响到铁锰氧化物结合态铜，对有机物结合态及残渣态铜几乎无影响。     

SSD法对西南碳酸盐岩母质区稻田土壤镉污染类型划分研究

在我国西南地区典型碳酸盐岩母质区域存在现行农用地土壤镉（Cd）污染风险管控标准值偏严的现象,表现为土壤中Cd含量超标而农产品中Cd无安全风险.针对该现实问题,在基于该地区稻米-土壤协同调查数据的基础上,充分考虑了土壤理化性质,通过分析样品中Cd的富集系数（BCF）并利用物种敏感性（SSD）分布模型,对Cd毒性剂量-效应关系进行拟合,最终反推出在不同pH下适用于典型碳酸盐岩类成土母质农用地土壤Cd污染的风险筛选值和管控值.结果表明:当土壤pH在5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5范围时,基于保护90%及10%的水稻品种安全所得的土壤Cd毒性阈值分别为HC₁₀=0.34 mg/kg和HC₉₀=2.00 mg/kg;在pH ≤ 5.5、6.5 < pH ≤ 7.5、pH > 7.5这3个pH条件下,HC₁₀分别为0.22、0.68和0.80 mg/kg,HC₉₀分别为1.64、4.80和9.20 mg/kg,当土壤中Cd含量低于HC₁₀时,表明稻米安全风险较低;当土壤中Cd含量介于HC₁₀~HC₉₀之间时,表明稻米安全具有一定风险,应对稻田土壤采取安全利用措施;当土壤中Cd含量超过HC₉₀时,表明稻米安全具有极高风险,应对稻田土壤采取严格管控措施.研究显示,我国西南地区典型碳酸盐岩母质区域农产品超标点位主要集中于5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5范围内,表明土壤pH对稻米Cd的富集效应有较大影响,在酸性条件下其富集效应更为显著.      

Silicon-mediated enhancement of cadmium tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in cadmium contaminated soil

Pot experiments were performed to study the alleviative effects of exogenous silicon (Si) on cadmium (Cd) phytotoxicity in maize grown in an acid soil experimentally contaminated with Cd. Five treatments were investigated in the first trial consisting of a control (neither Cd nor Si added), Cd added at 20 or 40 mg kg(-1) Cd without or with Si added at 400 mg kg(-1) Si. A following-up trial was conducted with almost the same treatments as in the first trial except that Si was incorporated at 50 mg kg(-1) Si. The results showed that Cd treatment significantly decreased shoot and root dry weight, while addition of Si at both levels significantly enhanced biomass. Addition of Si at 400 mg kg(-1) Si significantly increased soil pH but decreased soil Cd availability, thus reducing Cd concentration in the shoots and roots and total Cd in the shoots. Moreover, more Cd was found to be in the form of specific adsorbed or Fe-Mn oxides-bound fraction in the Si-amended soil. In contrast, soil pH, available Cd and Cd forms were unaffected by addition of Si at 50 mg kg(-1) Si, but shoot Cd concentration in the Si-amended Cd treatments significantly decreased at both Cd levels used compared to the non-Si-amended Cd treatments. Total Cd in the shoots and roots was considerably and significantly higher in the Si-amended Cd treatments than in the non-Si-amended Cd treatments. The xylem sap significantly increased but Cd concentration in the xylem sap significantly decreased in the Si-amended Cd treatments compared with the non-Si-amended Cd treatments irrespective of Cd and Si levels used. The results suggest that Si-enhanced tolerance to Cd can be attributed not only to Cd immobilization caused by silicate-induced pH rise in the soils but also to Si-mediated detoxification of Cd in the plants.     

基于分形理论的滑坡空间分布特征研究

以"汶川地震"极端事件为时间分段点,基于ArcGIS网格法定量分析汶川地震重灾区滑坡空间分布的分形分维特征,得出汶川地震重灾区滑坡在震前和震后均具有分形特征。研究表明,汶川地震重灾区滑坡点的空间分布具有统计意义上的自相似结构,无特征尺度。基于分形理论的汶川地震重灾区滑坡空间分布特征分析为进一步研究滑坡的敏感性、危险性及滑坡风险预警奠定了重要的理论基础和前提。     

Spatial and temporal variations of nitrogen pollution in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China

Water quality has degraded dramatically in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, Zhejiang, China, especially due to rapid economic development since 1995. This paper aims to assess spatial and temporal variations of the main pollutants (NH??-N, TN, BOD(5), COD(Mn), DO) of water quality in Wen-Rui Tang River watershed, using the geographic information system, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that concentrations of BOD(5), COD(Mn), NH??-N, and TN were significantly higher in tertiary rivers than in primary and secondary rivers. From April 2006 to March 2007, the concentrations of NH? ?-N (2.25-57.9 mg/L) and TN (3.78-70.4 mg/L) in all samples exceeded Type V national water quality standards (≥2 mg/L), while 5.3% of all COD(Mn) (1.83-27.5 mg/L) and 33.6% of all BOD(5) (0.34-50.4 mg/L) samples exceeded Type V national water quality standards (COD(Mn)?≥ 15 mg/L, BOD(5)?≥ 10 mg/L). Monthly changes of pollutant concentrations did not show a clear pattern, but correlation analysis indicated that NH??-N and TN in tertiary rivers had a significant negative correlation with 5-day cumulative rainfall and monthly rainfall, while there were no significant correlations in primary and secondary rivers. The results of CA and spatial analysis showed that the northern part of Wen-Rui Tang River watershed was the most seriously polluted. This region is characterized by the high population density and industrial and commercial activities. The PCA and spatial analysis indicated that the degraded water quality is caused by anthropogenic activities and poor wastewater management.     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的氨氮研究

垃圾填埋场渗滤液成分复杂,其氨氮的测定干扰物质多,测定难度大.气相分子吸收光谱法是一种较为新兴的方法,通过对气相分子吸收光谱法和传统纳氏试剂分光光度法系统的比较,研究气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮的分析方法.结果表明,气相分子吸收光谱法测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液中氨氮操作便捷、干扰小、精密度好,中浓度与高浓度废水测定结果能较好的与纳氏试剂光度法测定结果法吻合,超低浓度废水的测定结果低于纳氏试剂分光光度法.为监测工作者分析方法的选择提供依据.     

Vertical distributions of wintertime atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and the corresponding OH radicals production in Leshan, southwest China

Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations were operated from 02 to 21 December 2018 in Leshan, southwest China, to measure HONO, NO₂ and aerosol extinction vertical distributions, and these were the first MAX-DOAS measurement results in Sichuan Basin. During the measurement period, characteristic ranges for surface concentration were found to be 0.26–4.58 km^?1 and averaged at 0.93 km^?1 for aerosol extinction, 0.49 to 35.2 ppb and averaged at 4.57 ppb for NO₂ and 0.03 to 7.38 ppb and averaged at 1.05 ppb for HONO. Moreover, vertical profiles of aerosol, NO₂ and HONO were retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurements using the Heidelberg Profile (HEIPRO) algorithm. By analysing the vertical gradients of pollutants and meteorological information, we found that aerosol and HONO are strongly localised, while NO₂ is mainly transmitted from the north direction (city center direction). Nitrogen oxides such as HONO and NO₂ are important for the production of hydroxyl radical (OH) and oxidative capacity in the troposphere. In this study, the averaged value of OH production rate from HONO is about 0.63 ppb/hr and maximum value of ratio between OH production from HONO and from (HONO+O₃) is > 93% before12:00 in Leshan. In addition, combustion emission contributes to 26% for the source of HONO in Leshan, and we found that more NO₂ being converted to HONO under the conditions with high aerosol extinction coefficient and high relative humidity is also a dominant factor for the secondary produce of HONO.     

Vertical distributions of tropospheric SO2 based on MAX-DOAS observations: Investigating the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer

Information on the vertical distribution of air pollutants is essential for understanding their spatiotemporal evolution underlying urban atmospheric environment. This paper presents the SO₂ profiles based on ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements from March 2018 to February 2019 in Hefei, East China. SO₂ decrease rapidly with increasing heights in the warm season, while lifted layers were observed in the cold season, indicating accumulation or long-range transport of SO₂ in different seasons might occur at different heights. The diurnal variations of SO₂ were roughly consistent for all four seasons, exhibiting the minimum at noon and higher values in the morning and late afternoon. Lifted layers of SO₂ were observed in the morning for fall and winter, implying the accumulation or transport of SO₂ in the morning mainly occurred at the top of the boundary layer. The bivariate polar plots showed that weighted SO₂ concentrations in the lower altitude were weakly dependent on wind, but in the middle and upper altitudes, higher weighted SO₂ concentrations were observed under conditions of middle-high wind speed. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis suggested that potential sources of SO₂ in spring and summer were local and transported mainly occurred in the lower altitude from southern and eastern areas; while in fall and winter, SO₂ concentrations were deeply affected by long-range transport from northwestern and northern polluted regions in the middle and upper altitudes. Our findings provide new insight into the impacts of regional transport at different heights in the boundary layer on SO₂ pollution.     

Pt-Cu/TiO2{001}纳米片用于CO2加氢制甲醇反应的研究

以高暴露{001}晶面的TiO₂纳米片为载体,利用共还原法负载0.5%的Pt和一定量的Cu得到Pt-Cu/TiO₂{001}催化剂,并在P=3.0 MPa,T=200~300℃,V（N₂）：V（H₂）：V（CO₂）=8：69：23,空速（WHSV）=3600 mL·g^-1·h^-1反应条件下评价了催化剂催化CO₂加氢制甲醇的反应性能.XRD、XPS、EPR和CO₂-TPD等的表征表明,与催化剂Cu/TiO₂相比,引入Pt后,催化剂由于金属Pt的电子促进作用使负载的金属与载体之间的相互作用更强,进而有利于稳定Cu颗粒尺寸且载体形成了更多缺陷（如氧空位、Ti³⁺）.因此,Pt-Cu/TiO₂{001}催化剂的金属与载体界面上的活性位点更多,从而表现出更好的CO₂活化能力和甲醇生成性能.