COLLABORATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION MAKING IN OREGON WATERSHED GROUPS: PERCEPTIONS OF EFFECTIVENESS1

ABSTRACT: Collaborative watershed groups have formed at a significant rate throughout the United States in the last decade. Data on these groups, however, has been largely anecdotal and lacking in rigorous examination of the relationship between group formation, membership, process, and group effectiveness. Using a mail survey, Oregon watershed group participants were asked to identify who initiated the formation of the group, how efficiently the group formed, how the group determines membership, what decision making method the group uses, and how members perceive the group's effectiveness. Findings indicated that a majority believe that, because of their participation in a watershed group, they better understand issues in the watershed and the perspectives of others, but less than half believe that relationships with government decision makers or physical conditions in the watershed have improved. Members of citizen initiated groups rated their groups higher than government initiated groups on addressing difficult or controversial issues. Members of groups that use consensus responded most positively on whether the group gives fair consideration to dissenting opinions. Overall, groups with restricted membership systems rated themselves lowest on involving key decision making groups, timeliness in addressing issues, and overall effectiveness. These results raise concerns about this type of group membership system.     

发展西部特色农业 促进资源优势向经济优势的快速转变

本文在简要分析新形势下西部特色农业优势和劣势的基础上 ,提出了一些西部发展特色农业 ,促进资源优势向经济优势转变的发展对策和政策建议     

A new marine reptile from the Triassic of China,with a highly specialized feeding adaptation

The Luoping fauna (Anisian, Middle Triassic) is probably the oldest of Triassic faunas in Guizhou–Yunnan area, China. The reptilian assemblage is comprised of ichthyosaurs, a number of sauropterygians (pachypleurosaur-like forms), saurosphargids, protorosaurs, and archosauriforms. Here, we report on a peculiar reptile, newly found in this fauna. Its dentition is fence or comb-like and bears more than 175 pleurodont teeth in each ramus of the upper and lower jaws, tooth crown is needle-like distally and blade-shaped proximally; its rostrum strongly bends downward and the anterior end of its mandible expands both dorsally and ventrally to form a shovel-headed structure; and its ungual phalanges are hoof-shaped. The specializations of the jaws and dentition indicate that the reptile may have been adapted to a way of bottom-filter feeding in water. It is obvious that such delicate teeth are not strong enough to catch prey, but were probably used as a barrier to filter microorganisms or benthic invertebrates such as sea worms. These were collected by the specialized jaws, which may have functioned as a shovel or pushdozer (the mandible) and a grasper or scratcher (the rostrum). Our preliminary analysis suggests that the new reptile might be more closely related to the Sauropterygia than to other marine reptiles.     

大兴安岭地区岛状林沼泽CH4和N2O排放及其影响因子

沼泽湿地CH₄、N₂O的排放,尤其是高纬度沼泽湿地,对于评估北半球温室气体排放具有重要意义。在2011 年生长季利用野外静态箱-气相色谱法对大兴安岭地区两种典型湿地岛状林沼泽（白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽）CH₄、N₂O排放通量进行了研究,分析CH₄、N₂O排放通量的季节特征,并探讨温度、水位主控因子对CH₄、N₂O排放通量的影响。结果表明：①生长季白桦（Betula platyphylla）和兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）岛状林沼泽CH₄通量除春季白桦岛状林沼泽出现排放峰值外,两样地CH₄都处于弱吸收现象;N₂O排放高峰期分别在初夏、春两季。白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽CH₄、N₂O 排放通量依次为-60.61、-93.21 μg·m^-2 ·h^-1 和82.92、 45.06 μg·m^-2 ·h^-1。②兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽生长季CH₄、N₂O 排放通量分别与10~40 cm 和 15~40 cm土壤温度呈显著负相关性;而白桦岛状林沼泽CH₄排放通量仅与40 cm土壤温度呈显著负相关,两种类型沼泽均与土壤含水率未呈显著相关性。③白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽生长季CH₄、N₂O总通量分别为-2.21、-2.74 kg·hm^-2和2.74、0.93 kg·hm^-2;表现为大气CH₄弱吸收的汇,N₂O弱排放的源。     

Bioavailability and tissue distribution of Dechloranes in wild frogs (Rana limnocharis) from an e-waste recycling area in Southeast China

Dechlorane Plus(DP), a flame retardant used as an alternative to decabromodiphenylether, has been frequently detected in organisms, indicating its bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in aquatic and terrestrial species. However, little data is available on the bioaccumulation of DP in amphibians. Dechlorane Plus and its analogs(DPs) were detected in the liver, muscle and brain tissues of wild frogs(Rana limnocharis), which were collected from an e-waste recycling site, Southeast China. DP, Mirex, Dec 602 and a dechlorinated compound of DP(anti-Cl11-DP) varied in the range of 2.01–291, 0.650–179, 0.260–12.4, and not detected(nd)–8.67 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. No difference of tissue distribution was found for syn-DP, Mirex and Dec 602 between the liver and muscle tissue(liver/muscle concentration ratio close to 1, p 0.05). However, higher retention was observed for anti-DP and anti-Cl11-DP in the frog muscle relative to the liver tissue(liver/muscle concentration ratio 1, p 0.05). Additionally, the blood-brain barrier was found to work efficiently to suppress these compounds entering brain tissues in this species(liver/brain concentration ratio 1, p 0.05), and the molecular weight was a key factor impacting the extent of the blood-brain barrier. Compared to levels in the muscle and brain tissue, a preferential enrichment of syn-DP was observed in the liver tissue, suggesting the occurrence of stereo-selective bioaccumulation in the wild frog.     

Removal of perchlorate from aqueous solution by cross-linked Fe(Ⅲ)-chitosan complex

Cross-linked Fe（III）-chitosan composite （Fe-CB） was used as the adsorbent for removing perchlorate from the aqueous solution. The adsorption experiments were carried out by varying contact time, initial concentrations, temperatures, pH, and the presence of co-existing anions. The morphology of the adsorbent was discussed using FT-IR and SEM with X-EDS analysis. The pH ranging from 3.0-10.2 exhibited very little effect on the adsorption capability. The perchlorate uptake onto Fe-CB obeyed Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption process was rapid and the kinetics data obeyed the pseudo second-order model well. The eluent of 2.5% （W/V） NaC1 could regenerate the exhausted adsorbent efficiently. The adsorption mechanism was also discussed.     

北京市城市发展与水环境演化规律研究

为解决北京市发展和环境的深层次矛盾,需要把握环境质量-污染结构-社会经济发展规律,研究城市发展规模、产业结构、水资源、污染防治措施等对环境质量演化的影响。分析了2000年以来首都水环境演变规律及相关影响因素,对比国外主要城市,分析了北京市水环境质量产生差距的主要原因,提出了水环境保护的综合对策和建议。研究将为解决北京市水环境问题提供参考。     

石化企业运行泄漏检测与维修程序的信息化策略

介绍了石化企业泄漏检测与维修(LDAR)计划的流程,及采用信息化方式运行LDAR的策略,阐述了石化企业设计开发LDAR信息化管理的流程、内容和方法,为企业运行泄漏管理信息化平台系统提供了参考。     

拜耳法赤泥的物化特性及污染防控措施研究

为较为全面掌握不同温度条件下拜耳法赤泥的基本物化特性,进而提出相应的污染防控措施。通过XRD、高温煅烧、微观结构扫描等试验手段,得到了该种赤泥在不同温度条件下的矿物组成、微观结构、水分赋存形式以及相应的矿物质演变规律。通过试验结果可知,拜耳法赤泥是一种高含水量、强持水性、低胀缩性的特殊土体,所含矿物质在高温条件下会产生明显的结晶现象。干燥拜耳法赤泥本身的污染性较小,可评价为II类一般固体废物。赤泥内所含水分与硅酸盐水泥水化产物中C-S-H凝胶中水分的存在状态大致相同,长期堆放过程中所产生的渗滤液是一种危害较大的污染物,可评价为危险性废弃物。针对这些研究结果,提出了初步的污染防控措施。     

水生动植物联合作用净化不同富营养化景观水体研究

选择睡莲(Nymphaeatetragona)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrillaverticillata)、鲢鱼(Aristichthysnobilis)和中华圆田螺(Cipangopludinachinensis)为实验对象,设置富营养和极富营养两种浓度梯度,通过室外试验探讨不同动植物及其组合对两种浓度水平中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及叶绿素a(Chl-a)的净化效果。结果表明,在富营养和极富营养水平中,均以睡莲和黑藻组合对TN和TP的去除效果最好,TN去除率分别为66.4%和42.3%,TP去除率分别为97.1%和89.6%,TP去除率分别高出相应对照组53.2和35.3个百分点;鲢鱼和中华圆田螺的加入会引起TN和TP的升高,但是由鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻组成的组合对藻类的抑制效果最好,其Chl-a含量始终保持最低含量,日均值不超过1.16 mg/m3。因此,鲢鱼、中华圆田螺、睡莲和黑藻联合作用对富营养化水体具有明显的净化效果,其协同作用可为景观湖泊富营养化控制提供理论基础和科学依据。