遗产廊道旅游价值评价体系构建及其应用研究——以古运河江苏段为例

遗产廊道是目前保护线性文化遗产的一种新趋势。我国拥有丰富的线性文化遗产，准确地评价其旅游价值，对于有效保护和合理开发利用文化遗产资源，具有重要意义。本文基于遗产廊道自身的特殊性和整体性，尝试从廊道资源条件、区域社会条件、廊道生境条件和旅游保障条件及发展潜力等方面建立遗产廊道旅游价值评价指标体系，旨在从廊道整体效应出发评价其旅游价值。并运用层次分析法（AHP）和德尔非法（Delphi）相结合的方法，确定指标体系各因子的权重。并以古运河江苏段为例进行实证研究。评价结果与古运河江苏段实际情况基本吻合，说明本文构建的评价指标体系具有一定的科学性和可信度。     

智能化的安全防范装置与系统

随着科技的进步,用于安全防范目的之设备和系统,也越来越具有智能化的特征.不仅提高了产品的性能和品质,也方便了人们的使用.本文对此略作介绍.     

Membrane fouling reduction through electrochemically regulating flocs aggregation in an electro-coagulation membrane reactor

Coupling coagulation and applied electric field is an efficient method to regulate cake layer porosity and hydrophilicity for alleviating ultrafiltration membrane (UF) fouling. However, the Al/Fe flocs aggregation behavior are induced from electric field and determine the cake layer structure, which has not been studied comparatively yet. Herein, the anti-fouling performance in an efficient electro-coagulation membrane reactor (ECMR, in which UF membrane modules are placed between electrodes) was investigated with Al/Fe anode and various electrochemical parameters from the viewpoint of regulating flocs aggregation. Both the cake layers formed from Al and Fe flocs under an electric field were more porous and hydrophilic in comparison with that formed without electric fields, resulting in an enhanced water flux under higher electric field strength. Comparing with Fe flocs, Al flocs had a faster growth rate and larger size, facilitating membrane pore block resistant, which was more pronounced in a higher current density. Furthermore, the cake layer formed from Al flocs was more porous than that formed from Fe flocs. Therefore, the anti-fouling performance of ECMR with Al anode was superior to that of ECMR with Fe anode. When the electric field strength increased from 0 to 10?V/cm, the normalized specific flux was improved from 71.2% to 89.4% for ECMR (Al) and from 48.1% to 70.1% for ECMR (Fe) at 30?min.     

Investigating the impact of Glyoxal retrieval from MAX-DOAS observations during haze and non-haze conditions in Beijing

This study presents the Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy(MAXDOAS) measurements for Glyoxal(CHOCHO) in Beijing, China(39.95°N, 116.32°E). CHOCHO is the smallest compound of di-carbonyl group. As a primary sink of CHOCHO, its photolysis with NOx(oxides of nitrogen) results in the production of tropospheric ozone. Therefore,the focus of CHOCHO DOAS measurements is increasing in trend. We did the measurements from 09 May 2017 to 09 September 2017. The study was conducted to compare different retrieval settings in order to reveal best DOAS fit settings for CHOCHO;furthermore, effect of haze and non-haze days on CHOCHO concentration was examined.The root mean square of residual and Differential Slant Column density(dSCD) error was reduced when measurements were done with lower wavelength limit around 432–438 nm and upper intervals around 455–460 nm. Thus, lower wavelength intervals around432–438 nm and upper intervals around 457–460 nm were best for the retrieval of dSCDs for CHOCHO. Meteorological conditions like haze or non-haze days did not have significant effect on DOAS fit parameters. The CHOCHO vertical column densities range from 1.33 E +14 to 9.77 E + 14 molecules/cm2 during the study period with average of 6.16 E +14 molecules/cm2. The results indicated that during haze days CHOCHO concentration was higher because of lower rate of photolysis and atmospheric oxidation potential. Our results did not show any significant weekend effect on CHOCHO atmospheric concentration.     

枯水季和丰水季长江口海域生源硫的浓度变化特征及影响因素

为深入研究河口近岸海域DMS（二甲基硫）的生物地球化学过程,于2014年2月（枯水季）和7月（丰水季）对长江口及附近海域表层海水中DMS及其前体物质DMSP（二甲巯基丙酸内盐）的浓度分布及影响因素进行了研究,测定了DMSPd（溶解态DMSP）的降解速率和DMS的生物生产与微生物消费速率,并估算了DMS的海-气通量.结果表明:①枯水季和丰水季c（DMS）、c（DMSPd）、c（DMSPp）（DMSPp为颗粒态DMSP）的平均值±标准偏差分别为（0.54±0.28）（2.04±1.32）（6.65±5.07）和（3.99±3.70）（5.57±4.72）（14.26±9.17）nmol/L,长江口海域丰水季生源硫化物的浓度明显高于枯水季.②枯水季和丰水季c（DMSPd）与ρ（Chla）均呈弱相关,说明浮游植物在控制长江口海域DMSP的生产分布中发挥重要作用.③枯水季和丰水季c（DMS）/ρ（Chla）的平均值±标准偏差分别为（2.62±3.28）和（4.60±7.49）mmol/g,表明丰水季DMS的高产藻种（甲藻）在浮游植物生物量中所占比例高于枯水季.④枯水季表层海水中DMSPd的降解速率和DMS的生物生产速率分别介于（2.84~30.53）和（0.52~2.19）nmol/（L·d）之间,平均值分别为14.55和1.30 nmol/（L·d）,表明DMS并不是DMSPd的主要降解产物.⑤枯水季和丰水季DMS的海-气通量平均值±标准偏差分别为（0.36±0.32）和（2.17±2.98）μmol/（m2·d）,而且丰水季的硫排放量明显高于枯水季,这主要与夏季较高的c（DMS）有关.研究显示,长江口海域生源硫化物的浓度变化及分布特征呈明显的季节性差异,河口近岸海域是海洋有机硫排放的重要区域.      

柴油表征燃料在高浓度CO2氛围下燃烧机理的分析

为研究高浓度CO₂在高温高压情况下对柴油燃烧特性的影响,提出了柴油表征燃料在CO₂/O₂氛围下的燃烧反应机理.通过量子化学计算了化学反应路径并对反应路径进行分析,最后进行柴油表征燃料燃烧的仿真.通过搭建定容燃烧弹试验台架和可视化系统进行试验与仿真分析,结果表明：在50% CO₂+50% O₂氛围下,对仿真与实验的火焰燃烧极限长度和火焰纵截面面积进行对比,最小误差分别为0.39%和0.64%,最大误差分别为8.54%和4.94%,说明此机理适用于高浓度CO₂氛围下柴油燃烧特性的研究;CO₂的化学效应在柴油表征燃料燃烧时具有促进作用,CO₂在2600 K时发生热解,热解产物CO与H自由基等发生反应可以生成着火促进剂·OH;柴油在50% CO₂+50% O₂、43% CO₂+57% O₂和35% CO₂+65% O₂氛围下的燃烧效率比空气氛围分别提高了28.2%、30.4%和33.3%.     

深圳冬季大气气态硝酸和硝酸盐气粒分配特征

利用双通道在线气体和气溶胶分析仪（MARGA）在深圳冬季同时观测了PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性无机离子及气态前体物浓度变化,以探究气态硝酸（HNO₃）和颗粒态硝酸盐（pNO₃^-）的气粒分配特征.结果表明,气态硝酸和颗粒态硝酸盐总和TNO₃（TNO₃=HNO₃+pNO₃^-）中,气态HNO₃、细颗粒NO₃^-和粗颗粒NO₃^-三个部分的占比分别为9.6%、56.8%和33.6%.TNO₃浓度日变化呈现双峰特征,上午峰值来自于细颗粒态NO₃^-增加,由交通早高峰排放NO_x转化生成所致;白天光化学反应使TNO₃的3个部分浓度均增加,TNO₃在下午17：00达到全天峰值.相关分析表明,低温有利于NO₃^-以NH₄NO₃存在于细颗粒态;TNO₃浓度较高时,细颗粒态NO₃^-占比亦升高.     

青岛市降尘中水溶性离子的特征及来源分析

为识别青岛市大气降尘中水溶性离子的空间分布特征和来源,于2017年3月,在青岛市主城区采集了93个降尘样品。分析了水溶性离子NO₃-、Ca2+、SO₄2-、Cl-、Na+、K+、Mg2+、NH₄+含量,研究了空间分布和来源。结果表明:NO₃-、Ca2+、SO₄2-是青岛市降尘中的主要水溶性离子,占总水溶性离子质量浓度的82%;离子间的空间分布存在差异,离子浓度较高区域主要集中于市南、市北的西南部,以及崂山区东北部,主要受城区人为排放影响;4个市区NO₃-/SO₄2-质量浓度比值均>1,说明以移动污染源为主;相关性分析及PCA-MLR分析表明,交通源为青岛市降尘中的水溶性离子主要来源,其次是土壤扬尘和海盐源。     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

冬季黄、渤海气态元素汞的分布及其来源分析

本研究采用2019年12月9日－12月19日黄、渤海连续在线监测的气态元素汞（GEM）浓度数据,分析了GEM的空间分布、来源及其影响因素。研究结果表明,GEM的平均浓度为（1.92±0.69）ng/m3,变化范围为0.80～4.17 ng/m3。GEM浓度空间差异明显,渤海的浓度高于黄海,最高浓度和最低浓度都出现在山东半岛南部海域。受污染事件及华北地区较高汞排放量的影响,气团携带了华北地区的污染物,近海GEM浓度升高,而来自西伯利亚冷气团中的GEM浓度较低。西向风时更易出现高浓度GEM,GEM浓度与风速呈显著负相关关系（r=?0.217,P<0.01）,与气温呈显著正相关关系（r=0.417,P<0.01）。冬季,黄、渤海GEM浓度主要受陆地污染气团的影响。