土壤性质对铜-芘复合污染土壤电动-氧化修复的影响研究

重金属-有机复合污染土壤的修复是污染土壤修复的难点之一.选取我国3种典型土壤（红壤、黄棕壤和黑土）,以铜和芘为模式污染物,分别代表典型的重金属和有机污染物,研究了不同土壤类型对电动-氧化技术处理铜和芘复合污染土壤的影响机制.试验中阴、阳极电解液的组分均为10%的羟丙基-β环糊精、12%H2O2和0.01 mol.L-1 NaNO3溶液,施加电压梯度为1V.cm-1.经过15 d电动修复后,红壤、黄棕壤和黑土中总芘去除率分别为38.5%、46.8%和51.3%,总铜去除率分别为85.0%、22.6%和24.1%.pH较高的黑土产生高电渗流,增加了氧化剂与污染物的接触,同时较低的黏粒含量也有利于芘的解吸.红壤的低pH和低有机质含量影响了重金属的形态分布,提高了铜去除率.研究表明不同土壤的pH、黏粒含量和重金属的形态分布等是影响不同类型土壤上铜和芘迁移和修复效率的主导因素.     

Nitrogen leaching under corn cultivation stabilized after four years application of pig manure to red soil in subtropical China

The impact of long-term pig manure application to a red soil in subtropical China on nitrate leaching was investigated in a field lysimeter experiment from 2002 to 2009. Simultaneously, nitrate leaching was simulated by water and nitrogen management model (WNMM) basing on these observed data to determine the environmental threshold of manure application. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage and nitrate leaching under low manure application (150 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) did not increase during the study period. Interestingly, the nitrate concentrations in drainage water following high manure application (600 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) increased exponentially in the first four years and then remained at 13 mg l⁻¹ for the next four years. Addition of lime based on high manure application had no significant effect on nitrate concentrations or total nitrate leaching. WNMM simulated the variation in corn yields and nitrate leaching well. The environmentally safe threshold for long-term application of pig manure was 360 kg N ha⁻¹.     

基于专家判断的行为形成因子评分方法

本文在研究现有行为形成因子评分方法的基础上,提出了一种新的行为形成因子评分方法,该评分方法首先将行为形成因子对人绩效的影响作用分为人的可靠性、人的工作效率和人的工作负荷三个方面,针对每个方面将行为形成因子的水平又划分成5个等级,并通过问卷调查以获取行为形成因子每个等级的支持情况;然后设置了行为形成因子的评分范围,对每个等级赋予一定的数值,并结合问卷调查的结果得到行为形成因子每个方面的评分;最后使用层次分析法获得行为形成因子三个方面的相对权重,通过加权求和最终得到行为形成因子的综合评分。这种基于专家判断的评分方法在操作上比较简便,得到的结果能够体现行为形成因子对人绩效的全面影响,可以为人因可靠性分析提供有益的指导。     

广东始兴良源铌钽铷钨多金属矿床的发现及其意义

广东始兴良源铌钽铷钨多金属矿床是近年来中国地质调查局在南岭东段地区实施钨多金属矿调查评价中找到的具有大型远景的铌钽铷钨多金属矿床。最新成果显示该矿床主要有五种矿化类型:云英岩型铌钽铷钨多金属矿、白云母化钠长石花岗岩型铌钽铷钨多金属矿、石英脉型钨矿、破碎蚀变岩型钨锡多金属矿和矽卡岩型白钨矿,且以白云母化钠长石花岗岩型铌钽铷钨多金属矿潜力最大。矿区含矿花岗岩具明显分异演化特征,自上向下为:似斑状花岗岩—中细粒黑云母花岗岩—中细粒二云母钠长石花岗岩—中细粒白云母化钠长石花岗岩—云英岩的分异演化系列;含矿花岗岩蚀变分带清晰,自上向下为:白云母化、绿泥石化和钾长石化三带,矿体以云英岩、细粒白云母化钠长石花岗岩为主,石英脉次之,矿石矿物主要有黑钨矿、白钨矿、锡石、辉钼矿、钨铅矿、钼铅矿、砷铋矿、辉铋矿、辉锑矿、褐钇铌矿、铌钽矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、铀钍矿、白云母等;初步研究表明广东始兴良源铌钽铷钨多金属矿体可能为深部含矿岩浆经分异演化形成,矿床具有品位稳定、规模大的特点,成矿元素复杂,主要为Nb-Ta-Rb-W-Mo-Sn-Bi组合,并富含Be、稀土、Ag等。该矿床的发现不仅填补了南岭东段地区找矿新突破,而且对整个南岭乃至华南地区铌钽铷钨多金属矿找矿具有重要的指导作用。     

AHP-模糊评价法在区域安全评价中的研究与应用

将层次分析法和模糊综合评价法相结合,建立基于AHP-模糊综合评价模型,探讨模糊综合评价法在区域安全评价中的应用。应用Microsoft Visual Studio 2008软件开发工具和Oracle数据库系统,完成了B/S结构的《采气厂区域安全评估系统》软件设计,通过该软件计算集气站本质安全性程度,并根据评价结果提出相应的整改和建议措施,从而提高现场安全评价工作的效率和准确性。     

中国碳排放库兹涅茨曲线实证研究——基于Gregory-Hansen协整分析

中国反复、多次出现大范围持续性雾霾天气使碳排放与经济增长问题成为理论界研究的热点,选取1978~2012年中国历年相关统计数据,采用Gregory-Hansen协整检验方法结合结构突变分析,实证检验我国碳排放与能源消费、经济增长及产业结构的关系。研究结果显示,中国碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线为正U型,且该曲线存在结构突变;经济增长、能源消费、产业结构对碳排放都具有显著的增排效应。因此,建议在保证经济可持续的中高速增长前提下,通过提高能源利用效率、推进产业结构调整等措施来降低碳排放量,使"APEC蓝"能够成为一种"新常态"。     

科学试验用离心机发展综述

分别阐述了国内例行试验离心机、土工离心机、载人离心机和精密离心机等四类科学试验用离心机的发展历史和现状;从研制单位角度出发,通过实例分别对世界各国科学试验用离心机的现状进行了详细的介绍;最后对科学试验用离心机的发展趋势作了剖析,提出了海工离心机、巨型土工离心机、高保真飞行模拟器、复合环境试验离心机和高精密离心机等五个发展方向。     

Flux characteristics of total dissolved iron and its species during extreme rainfall event in the midstream of the Heilongjiang River

The occurrence of extreme rainfall events and associated flooding has been enhanced due to climate changes, and is thought to influence the flux of total dissolved iron(TDI) in rivers considerably. Since TDI is a controlling factor in primary productivity in marine ecosystems, alteration of riverine TDI input to the ocean may lead to climate change via its effect on biological productivity. During an extreme rainfall event that arose in northeastern China in 2013, water samples were collected in the midstream of the Heilongjiang River to analyze the concentration and species of TDI as well as other basic parameters. The speciation of TDI was surveyed by filtration and ultrafiltration methods.Compared with data monitored from 2007 to 2012, the concentration of TDI increased significantly during this event, with an average concentration of 1.11 mg/L, and the estimated TDI flux reached 1.2 × 105 tons, equaling the average annual TDI flux level.Species analysis revealed that low-molecular-weight complexed iron was the dominant species, and the impulse of TDI flux could probably be attributed to the hydrological connection to riparian wetlands and iron-rich terrestrial runoff. Moreover, dissolved organic matter played a key role in the flux, species and bioavailability of TDI. In addition,there is a possibility that the rising TDI flux could further influence the transport and cycling of nutrients and related ecological processes in the river, estuary coupled with the coastal ecosystems, which merits closer attention in the future.     

污灌地重金属镉污染的伴矿景天修复试验研究

针对城郊污灌地土壤重金属Cd污染,利用超富积植物伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizincicola)进行Cd污染土壤的植物修复正交试验研究,以探讨Cd污染土壤的最优田间修复措施.研究表明:修复植物-伴矿景天茎叶中Cd的含量均值达到8.80 mg/kg,约为玉米茎叶的58倍,芹菜茎叶的135倍;土壤-植物系统中Cd的迁移量由高到低的顺序为:伴矿景天＞玉米＞芹菜;对正交试验中伴矿景天的Cd提取率进行极差分析,最佳试验因素结果为:因素A:种植方式为扦插10株/m2、因素C种植模式为单作、因素B调控剂硫粉施用量为2 g/m2,试验结果中此方案伴矿景天对土壤中Cd的提取率达到8.49％,是9个处理组中最高的,与极差分析结果一致.实际应用中,本文推荐选择A1C3B3方案(种植方式为扦插10株/m2、因素C种植模式为与玉米间作、因素B调控剂硫粉施用量为6 g/m2)作为伴矿景天植物修复的最优田间农艺措施方案,以达到边修复边生产的农业土壤修复模式.     

The impact of domestic energy efficiency retrofit schemes on householder attitudes and behaviours

Retrofitting existing housing stock to improve energy efficiency is often required to meet climate mitigation, public health and fuel poverty targets. Increasing uptake and effectiveness of retrofit schemes requires understanding of their impacts on householder attitudes and behaviours. This paper reports results of a survey of 500 Kirklees householders in the UK, where the Kirklees Warm Zone scheme took place. This was a local government led city scale domestic retrofit programme that installed energy efficiency measures at no charge in over 50,000 houses. The results highlight key design features of the scheme, socio-economic and attitudinal factors that affected take-up of energy efficiency measures and impacts on behaviour and energy use after adoption. The results emphasise the role that positive feedback plays in reinforcing pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours of participants and in addressing concerns of non-participants. Our findings have implications for the design and operation of future domestic energy efficiency retrofit schemes.