国六柴油机DPF再生时VOCs排放特性

颗粒物捕集器(DPF)是柴油机满足国六排放标准的必备装置之一.经台架实验证明,氧化型催化转化器(DOC)辅助DPF再生过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放会大幅度升高,而2014年制定的《道路机动车大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南》并未考虑到DPF再生过程对VOCs排放的影响.通过台架实验,采集国六柴油机DPF再生过程的尾气,并用气相色谱质谱技术对尾气中的VOCs进行定量分析.结果表明,国六柴油机DPF再生过程中VOCs排放有显著增加,DPF再生阶段排放的VOCs总量是不再生时的4倍,增排量为2 419. 6μg·m~(-3),且DPF再生所排放的VOCs中,烷烃的含量最高,其次为芳香烃、醛酮和烯烃,分别占总排放VOCs的42. 5%、29. 7%、24. 9%和2. 9%;用臭氧和二次有机气凝胶生成潜势对增排VOCs的大气活性进行评价,发现DPF再生过程中增排的VOCs对环境的影响显著,由增排的VOCs所生成的臭氧和二次有机气溶胶分别为4 272. 8μg·m~(-3)和9. 0μg·m~(-3),其中芳香烃和烷烃对臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势的贡献率相对较高.因此,在计算柴油车VOCs排放因子时,应考虑DPF再生的影响;且该国六柴油机DPF再生时的VOCs排放因子为1. 03 mg·(k W·h)~(-1),可为制定国六标准柴油车VOCs排放因子提供参考.     

Photocatalytic defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid by surface defective BiOCl: Fast microwave solvothermal synthesis and photocatalytic mechanisms

There is an urgent need for developing cost-effective methods for the treatment of perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)due to its global emergence and potential risks.In this study,taking surface-defective BiOCl as an example,a strategy of surface oxygen vacancy modulation was used to promote the photocatalytic defluorination efficiency of PFOA under simulated sunlight irradiation.The defective BiOCl was fabricated by a fast microwave solvothermal method,which was found to induce more surface oxygen vacancies than conventional solvothermal and precipitation methods.As a result,the asprepared BiOCl showed significantly enhanced defluorination efficiency,which was 2.7 and33.8 times higher than that of BiOCl fabricated by conventional solvothermal and precipitation methods,respectively.Mechanistic studies indicated that the defluorination of PFOA follows a direct hole(h~+)oxidation pathway with the aid of·OH,while the oxygen vacancies not only promote charge separation but also facilitate the intimate contact between the photocatalyst surface and PFOA by coordinating with its terminal carboxylate group in a bidentate or bridging mode.This work will provide a general strategy of oxygen vacancy modulation by microwave-assisted methods for efficient photocatalytic defluorination of PFOA in the environment using sunlight as the energy source.     

基于随机森林的开封市重型柴油车NOx排放总量估算模型

近年来,在相关法律文件的推动下,监控平台技术得到发展与应用,有助于准确、实时获取海量实车行驶和排放数据,为建立机动车排放清单提供了重要数据基础.基于此背景,本文依托河南开封重型柴油车远程监控平台排放大数据,考虑了中观尺度上的活动因子分布特征及活动因子的影响权重,利用随机森林回归模型对重型柴油车污染物排放量预测方法进行研究.结果表明：①开封市重型柴油车行驶工况呈Ω型分布,而且随着发动机排量的增大,工况范围有逐渐缩小的趋势,且重型柴油车有20%的时间行驶在怠速区域和至少40%的时间行驶在中低转速区域.②在样本车中,在活动因子影响程度占比排序方面,有超过80%的柴油车将车速排在首位,其次分别是SCR床温、废气流量、发动机转速、燃料流量.③NO_x排放总量估算模型计算的6种典型排量下的重型柴油车NO_x排放总量与实际排放总量相比,误差不超过25%,能够满足实际需求.     

How can sports entrepreneurs achieve their corporate sustainable development goals under the COVID-19 epidemic?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The present study aimed to explore the opportunities for the sustainable development of professional sports enterprises and events from the...     

漂浮水生植物对富营养化水体中N2O产生及输移过程的调节作用

漂浮水生维管束植物具有发达的通气组织,然而关于其传输水体中产生温室气体N_2O方面的研究还很匮乏.本研究以漂浮水生植物凤眼莲为代表,利用稳定氮同位素示踪技术,设计能够分隔根室和叶室的水生植物生长系统,通过微宇宙实验定量追踪N-15标记的氮素在凤眼莲根系介导下的转化途径、N_2O产生规律及N_2O通过通气组织向空气的传输过程.研究结果表明,加入水体的~(15)NO_3~-有少部分通过异化还原成为铵(DNRA)过程转化为NH_4~+-~(15)N,主要通过反硝化反应生成N_2O;加入的~(15)NH_4~+主要发生了耦合硝化-反硝化反应.种植凤眼莲均使叶室中N_2O-~(15)N原子百分超和~(15)N_2O浓度明显高于无植物的对照,一方面说明凤眼莲根系能够促进反硝化、硝化-反硝化反应过程,同时也说明水体中的~(15)N_2O有相当一部分通过植株体传输到空气中.凤眼莲通气组织主要通过分子扩散从高浓度空间向低浓度空间输送~(15)N_2O.在标记NO_3~--~(15)N的水体中,凤眼莲在前期促进了~(15)N_2O向顶空排放,但并未在整个生长期持续促进N_2O释放.在标记NH_4~+-~(15)N的水体中,植株体富集是NH_4~+-~(15)N的一个主要归趋途径,但同时也有部分NH_4~+-~(15)N转化为N_2O通过植株通气组织持续、缓慢地释放到顶空当中.研究结果阐明了漂浮植物对水体氮转化过程及N_2O输移途径的调节作用,可为全面理解水体生态系统氮循环过程提供理论基础.     

An evaluation approach for livable urban environments

This study proposes a method for evaluating livable urban environments using the analytic hierarchy process, a survey of public opinions (n?=?1,075), and gray relational analysis with a pollutant standards index to estimate the weights of weather, air pollution, and environment aspects and each respective factor. This study investigates the positive or negative correlation of these factors and their effects on livable environment. A value of 100 was designated as the perfect living condition. Results show that the weights of weather, air pollution, and environment aspects were 0.288, 0.395, and 0.317, respectively. The weight ranges of three weather factors, five air pollution factors, and ten environmental factors were 0.311-0.358, 0.191-205, and 0.081-0.116, respectively. The monthly livable index of 28 districts in Taichung City and of 20 cities/counties in Taiwan ranged from 81.1 to 92.4 and from 83.1 to 90.8 in different months, respectively, showing that environmental aspect played a key role. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can provide a quantification index of living conditions in each region, thereby establishing the governmental improvement policy firmly. This study also presents a discussion on improvement strategies, especially on the apportionment rate of governmental construction funds for livable urban environments.     

Evaluation of natural attenuation at a 1,4‐dioxane‐contaminated site

1,4‐Dioxane entered the environment as a result of historic leaks and spills in the production area at an industrial facility in the southeastern coastal plain. The areal extent of the 1,4‐dioxane plume is several hundred acres and is largely contained on the site. Land use adjacent to the plant property is primarily undeveloped (wetlands or woods) or industrial, with a small area of mixed land use (commercial/residential) to the southwest and north. The surficial aquifer is a relatively simple hydrogeologic system with well‐defined boundaries and is comprised of a 50‐ to 70‐foot‐thick deposit of alluvial/fluvial sand and gravel that overlies an aquitard in excess of 100 feet thick. A groundwater flow model, developed and calibrated using field‐measured data, was used for the fate‐and‐transport modeling of 1,4‐dioxane. The flow‐and‐transport model, combined with the evaluation of other site geochemical data, was used to support the selection of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as the proposed groundwater remedy for the site. Since the active sources of contamination have been removed and the modeling/field data demonstrated that the plume was stable and not expanding, the proposed MNA approach was accepted and approved by the regulatory agency for implementation in 2004. Subsequent accumulated data confirm that concentrations in the 1,4‐dioxane plume are declining as predicted by the fate‐and‐transport modeling. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

西部大开发中的制造业模式选择

本文分析了西部大开发中制造业发展的约束条件 ,在这些约束条件下 ,西部大开发中制造业选择绿色制造模式是其必然要求 ;在此基础上分析了在西部大开发中制造业实施绿色制造模式存在的障碍、提出了促进在西部制造业中实施绿色制造模式的政策建议。     

Are barnacle larvae able to escape from the threat of UV?

Earlier laboratory experiments suggested that environmental levels of UV-B radiation can damage the eyes of barnacle naupliar larvae and impair their phototactic behaviors. However, since barnacle larvae may avoid UV by migrating to deeper waters, it is not known whether such impairment would actually occur under field conditions. For the first time, this study provides both field and laboratory evidences to show that prevailing UV-B in the natural habitat of barnacle larvae could be an important environmental factor affecting natural barnacle populations. We here showed that although barnacle nauplii may avoid UV-B irradiation by downward migration, the amount of UV energy (9.8 × 10⁻⁶ J) received by a naupliar eye during downward migration in the natural water column is within the same order of magnitude as the total energy (7.5 × 10⁻⁶ J) sufficient to cause damages to naupliar eye and impair their phototactic responses. It is possible that solar UV-B prevailing at shallow waters would pose a similar threat to other zooplankton species over large geographic scale.