RESERVOIR TROPHIC STATE EVALUATION USING LANISAT TM IMAGES1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir water quality is traditionally monitored and evaluated based on field data. Collecting and analyzing field water quality data are costly and time consuming tasks, and whether a limited number of field data truly characterize the spatial variation of the trophic state within a vast water body is often disputed. In this study we utilize Landsat TM data to estimate the water quality and trophic state of the Te‐Chi reservoir in Central Taiwan. A modified multi‐parameter model of Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) was developed for the Te‐chi reservoir. Water quality parameters (concentration of chlorophyll‐a, total phosphorous measurement, and secchi disk depth) required by the model are found to have high correlations with combinations of TM bands. Therefore, TM data are used to map the trophic state of the reservoir. TM‐derived TSI maps of the reservoir reveal that, in summer, the trophic state in the reservoir generally improves from upstream to downstream and that zones of distinct trophic state exist. A trophic state index based on secchi disk depth may give erroneous values in the upstream section of the reservoir pool due to high sediment concentration in the reservoir inflow. We conclude that the Te‐Chi reservoir is eutrophic or worse in summer and meso‐eutrophic in winter. Implementation of best management practices to reduce nonpoint source pollution in the upstream watershed is highly recommended. This study demonstrates the capability of mapping the trophic state in impounded water bodies using the Landsat TM data.     

新型生物滴滤填料性能评价

填料是微生物附着生长、水分保持的支撑体,填料的性能直接关系到污染物的最终去除效果.研究开发了3种新型生物滴滤填料:纹翼多面球、改性毛刺球和空心多面柱.测试表明3种填料中,空心多面柱和纹翼多面球的结构特性参数均优于普通的生物滴滤填料,特别是比表面积,达到了200 m2·m-3左右.纹翼多面球的阻力系数ζ在挂膜前后几乎没有变化,而毛刺球的阻力系数ζ增长明显.生物滴滤塔(BTF)实验表明,采用空心多面柱的BTF挂膜启动的时间明显快于其他两种填料;稳定运行阶段实验结果表明,当甲苯和乙醇进口浓度分别为687.37 mg·m-3和651.17 mg·m-3时,采用纹翼多面球的BTF去除效果较好,对于两者的去除率分别达到了76.78%和99.23%.生物量测试表明,3种填料湿生物量也均高于普通的聚丙烯鲍尔环.纹翼多面球填料易实现生物膜的更新与剥落,稳定运行后期单位填料层压降维持在51.6 Pa·m-1,而毛刺球平均压降显著升高(193.3 Pa·m-1),出现了严重堵塞现象.     

碳酸盐岩对Fe2+生物氧化及铁矿物合成的影响

利用从高硫煤矸石堆场浸出液中培养驯化获得的氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f）,通过静态实验,探讨添加不同量的碳酸盐岩对酸性硫酸盐体系中Fe²⁺生物氧化速率及次生铁矿物合成的影响.结果表明：添加10 g和30 g碳酸盐岩不会对体系中pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）和Fe²⁺生物氧化速率产生明显影响,但总铁（TFe）的去除率可从37%分别提高到55%和62%,矿物生成量也从8.17 g·L^-1分别增加到12.03 g·L^-1和13.69 g·L^-1;同时,体系中合成的次生铁矿物相与不加碳酸盐岩时无明显变化,主要为黄铁矾和施氏矿物的混合物.随着碳酸盐岩添加量增至50、70和90 g时,体系pH快速上升,Fe²⁺生物氧化速率受到抑制,并产生大量结晶程度较好的硫酸钙,形成的铁矿物主要为纤铁矿或针铁矿.而适量的碳酸盐岩添加可使体系中产生Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,从而影响次生铁矿物的合成.因此,在以碳酸盐岩为反应介质的酸性矿山废水处理工艺设计中,可通过添加A.f菌并控制碳酸盐岩投加量,强化系统中Fe²⁺生物氧化及次生矿物的合成,从而进一步提高反应系统对TFe的去除效果.     

土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu和Pb的去除及富集特征

为实现页岩气钻井废水绿色环保无害化现场处理,选取页岩气井场附近的土著水生植物凤眼莲（Eichhorniacrassipes）、水花生（Alligator philoxeroides）、鱼腥草（Herbahouttuyniae）、狐尾草（Alopecuruspratensis）、菖蒲（Acoruscalamus）、雍菜（Swamp mrningglory）为试验植物,考察植物单一养殖与5种植物（凤眼莲、水花生、鱼腥草、狐尾草、菖蒲）组合作用时对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的去除率及生物富集特征.结果表明:凤眼莲对钻井废水中Cu的去除效率最高,达到83.04%,对Pb的去除效率达到88.89%,根部吸附重金属离子能力较强;鱼腥草对废水中Cu、Pb富集能力较强BCF（富集系数）达400以上,地上转运系数在0.5以上,Cu、Pb主要富集在茎叶;雍菜对页岩气钻井废水的毒性物质较为敏感,不易存活.水生植物组合养殖时,对废水中Cu、Pb的降解速率大于单一养殖,分别达到82.17%、88.03%.试验用土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的BCF均达到200以上.研究显示,通过土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中的Cu、Pb可以进行有效降解.      

The Relationship Between the Difference in Prismatic Refractive Power of an Eye-and-Face Protector and Its Thickness,Radius of Curvature,and Material

With the help of the research results presented here and on the basis of a graphic analysis we aim to prove the existence of a relationship between the difference in prismatic refractive power and the thickness, curvature radius, and type of material used for panoramic oculars in protective spectacles, goggles, and face shields. The difference in the prismatic refractive power is a fundamental optical characteristic of a protective ocular without corrective effect. According to Standard No. EN 165:1995 (European Committee for Standardization, 1995) the difference in the prismatic refractive power is a difference in the prismatic effect at 2 observation points of an eye-protector.     

Effects of Environmental Aging on the Durability of Wood-Flour Filled Recycled PET/PA6 Wood Plastic Composites

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Outdoor building materials made of wood require preservatives containing chromated copper arsenate and other carcinogenic substances but still are subject...     

Analyses of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mutagenicity in raw and chlorinated water

Both raw water and chlorinated drinking water samples were collected from and the Liu‐Du water treatment plant in northern Taiwan from October 1990 to April 1992. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in these water samples were analyzed by GC/MS and Ames test. The Mutagenicity/DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) ratio in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 mixture increased, even higher than 2, following the sequence of unit process. It was observed that the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was highly related to most of PAHs in the raw water; while the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was only correlated with DbA and BghiPr in the treated water. It could be expected that the mutagenicity level was controlled by other predominant components after the raw water was treated, for example, the chlorination process.     

Determination of chemical characterizations of activated carbons from various raw materials

The objectives of this research were to identify the surface chemical features of activated carbons made of peat, bituminous coal and coconut shell, as well as examine the specific relationship of these properties by using statistical analyses. The results showed that the peat carbons contained much more amounts of Ca, S, P and Mg; however, the bituminous carbons possessed higher contents of Si, Al and Fe. In addition, the content ratios of Al to Si exhibited the Al enrichment phenomenon occurred after the heat treatment. A nonlinear correlation between the pH value and the difference in the amounts of basic and acidic groups was developed. Unfortunately, there were no specific mass ratios found among the acidic functional groups. The results of correspondence analysis (CA) gave a promising confirmation about the EDXRF analysis; moreover, the results of factor analysis (FA) fairly agreed with the findings suggested by CA. Both could explain the specific chemical features of activated carbons made from different materials, especially the CA could differentiate each other in detail.     

亚热带和温带生态条件下粳稻品种产量潜力评价

对2001-2002年滇超2号、滇超4号、云粳436、云光8号、云光9号五个中国和Hwadong、Nongan、Jinmi、Sangju、Singeumo五个韩国粳稻(Oryza sativa)品种为材料,在亚热带生态环境下的云南省宾川县和温带环境下的韩国水原进行试验,结果表明:亚热带生态条件下实际产量和产量潜力分别比温带条件下高2.46 t·hm-2和4.04 t·hm-2,达极显著水平.亚热带生态下具有较高的产量潜力的主要原因是具有较多的颖花量,每平方米比温带生态条件下多19 200朵,同时收获指数和生物产量较高,两种生态条件下差异达极显著水平.对产量构成因子进行通径分析结果表明,亚热带生态条件下对产量的影响顺序是:穗粒数＞有效穗＞结实率＞千粒质量,温带生态条件下对产量的影响顺序是:结实率＞穗粒数＞千粒质量＞有效穗.因而,在亚热带生态条件下,增产的途径是在稳定穗粒数的基础上,适当降低有效穗而大力增加结实率;而温带生态条件下应在稳定结实率的基础上,适当降低穗粒数而大力增加有效穗.     

烟酰胺降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

采用HPLC对某烟酰胺生产废水的主要成分进行分析,并模拟废水中的主要成分烟酰胺(nicotinamide)的浓度,对以烟酰胺为唯一碳源配制的培养基进行降解实验,获得有较佳降解率和生长能力的菌株YSI-1和YSI-2.结果表明,YSI菌株的混合菌降解效果优于单株菌,混合菌在初始OD600值为0.4,pH为7.0时,对浓度为2000 mg/L的烟酰胺降解2 d的降解率可达32.8%.延长处理时间或提高菌种的初始OD600值,烟酰胺的去除率均有较大的增加.