Study on preparation method of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zanthoxylum bungeanum</Emphasis> seeds kernel oil with zero trans-fatty acids

The seed of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Z. bungeanum) is a by-product of pepper production and rich in unsaturated fatty acid, cellulose, and protein. The seed oil obtained from traditional producing process by squeezing or extracting would be bad quality and could not be used as edible oil. In this paper, a new preparation method of Z. bungeanum seed kernel oil (ZSKO) was developed by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of alkali saponification-cold squeezing, alkali saponification-solvent extraction, and alkali saponification-supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO₂). The results showed that the alkali saponification-cold squeezing could be the optimal preparation method of ZSKO, which contained the following steps: Z. bungeanum seed was pretreated by alkali saponification under the conditions of adding 10 %NaOH (w/w), solution temperature was 80 °C, and saponification reaction time was 45 min, and pretreated seed was separated by filtering, water washing, and overnight drying at 50 °C, then repeated squeezing was taken until no oil generated at 60 °C with 15 % moisture content, and ZSKO was attained finally using centrifuge. The produced ZSKO contained more than 90 % unsaturated fatty acids and no trans-fatty acids and be testified as a good edible oil with low-value level of acid and peroxide. It was demonstrated that the alkali saponification-cold squeezing process could be scaled up and applied to industrialized production of ZSKO.     

十三烷基苯磺酸钠和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚二元复配溶液的定量分析

采用向十三烷基苯磺酸钠（STBS）和非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OP-10）二元复配溶液中添加β-环糊精（β-CD）的方法,降低STBS和OP-10之间定量检测时的相互干扰。实验结果表明：添加β-CD时,可提高STBS的检测准确性,降低STBS对OP-10的检测干扰;在二元复配溶液中,STBS和OP-10的方法回收率分别在100.8%~102.0%,97.4%~102.2%之间,检测误差分别在2.0%和2.6%以内;Cl^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,Ca²⁺的存在对二元复配溶液中STBS和OP-10的检测干扰可忽略;将该方法应用于地层水水样中,仍可准确定量分析STBS和OP-10的含量。     

地下水曝气修复技术现场试验与应用研究进展

结合近年来国内外地下水曝气修复现场工程实践,对原位曝气的设计、操作和监测技术进行了全面的综述。对原位设计中的相关参数进行了整理分析,给出了合理取值范围,并探讨了不同场地条件下的应对方法。发展新的监测技术(如示踪技术、新型传感器等)能使曝气系统的工作性能得到更有效的监测,对于曝气修复工程现场监测新技术进行了系统的归纳和总结。此外,对现场曝气修复效果影响因素如污染物类型、曝气方式、曝气井数量、最大生物降解速率、土体孔隙率和含水层有机碳含量等进行了分析,以利于实际操作工艺的优化。最后对未来地下水曝气修复现场试验研究需开展的工作进行了展望。     

CuO/γ-Al_2O_3类Fenton试剂降解丁基黄药

CuO/γ-Al2O3类Fenton试剂是降解丁基黄药的优良试剂。该试剂与传统的Fenton试剂相比,提高了反应的pH值,可在较高pH（4~5）条件下反应,而传统的Fenton试剂的适宜pH值一般在3以下。采用单因素实验和正交实验相结合的方法研究了pH、催化剂投加量、过氧化氢投加量以及反应时间对丁基黄药降解效果的影响,并对催化剂的使用寿命进行了探讨。研究结果表明,反应的最佳条件为：pH为4~5,催化剂投加量为6 g/L,过氧化氢用量为30 mg/L,反应30min。在此反应条件下,丁基黄药的降解率达98%以上;影响丁基黄药降解效果的因素大小顺序为：pH〉反应时间〉H2O2用量〉催化剂投加量,其中pH对CuO/γ-Al2O3类Fenton试剂降解丁基黄药的影响最为显著。     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体

采用菌剂挂膜,活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔,考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H2s恶臭气体的影响。结果表明,当进气H2S浓度为5mg／m3时,菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H2s浓度分别为15．7～17．4、11．6～14．8和15．0～15．9μg／m3;塔内压降分别为3—4mm水柱、6mm水柱和4—5mm水柱;喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17mg／L,硫的转化率分别为45％、60％和50％。当进气H2S浓度增大至7mg／m3时,3个塔经过7d的调整后,均能达到稳定状态,稳定后3个塔中出气H2s浓度和压降基本没变,喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30mg／L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H2s的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷的形态分级研究简

为识别巢湖流域污染物的特征、来源及其沉积物有机磷各形态分布与富营养化的关系,测定了7条巢湖入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态的含量,分析不同污染类型入湖河流沉积物中有机磷各形态分布的差异及与其他因素间的相关性。研究发现,不同污染类型入湖河流沉积物中水土保持控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序为残渣态P_o >富里酸-P_o >HCl-P_o >胡敏酸-P_o >NaHCO₃-P_o,平均的相对比例为7.5：3.1：1.9：1.5：1.0,而城市污染控制型和面源污染控制型河流沉积物中有机磷各组分的相对含量顺序恰好相同,面源污染控制型河流沉积物P_o各形态含量低于城市污染控制型和水土保持控制型河流。中活性P_o和OM、TP、P_i、P_o、TN、NaHCO₃-P_i、NaOH-P_i呈正相关,非活性P_o与P_o、NaOH-P_i呈显著正相关关系,反映了中活性P_o很容易转化为生物可利用磷和非活性P_o,且非活性P_o仍然具有潜在的生物活性。     

Pros and cons of climate change in China

Climate change strongly affected the structure and functions of natural ecosystems,e.g.the vegetation productivity decreased in the Northeast permafrost region due to the higher temperature and less precipitation,whereas in the Tibetan Plateau,the vegetation productivity increased,owing to the improved thermal resource.Climate change led to reduced precipitation in North and Northeast China and thus the reduced surface runoff.The public needs for energy were changed because of climate change,e.g.the shorter heating period in winter.Climate change profoundly influenced human health,pathophoresis and major projects by increasing extreme events,including frequency and magnitude,and causing more serious water shortage.Under the background of climate change,although the improved thermal resources can be helpful for extending the crop growth period,more extreme events may resulted in more instability in agricultural productivity.Not only did climate change indirectly affect the secondary and tertiary industries through the impacts on agriculture and natural resources,but also climate change mitigation measures,such as carbon tax,tariff and trading,had extensive and profound influences on the socioeconomic system.Further analysis indicated that the impact of climate change presented significant regional differences.The impact had its pros and cons,while the advantages outweighed the disadvantages.Based on the above analysis on the impacts of climate change,we put forward suggestions on coping with climate change.First,scientifically dealing with climate change will need to seek advantages while avoiding the disadvantages of climate change in order to achieve the orderly adaptation to climate change,which is characterized with"Overall best,long-term benefit."Second,quantitative adaptation should be given more attention,e.g.proposing operational schemes and predictable goals and using uncertainty analysis on adaptation measures.Third,more active coping strategy should be adopted to enhance China's future comprehensive competitiveness.The strategies include but are not limited to gradually adjusting the industrial structure,intensifying the research and development(RD)of emission reduction technology and actively responding to the influence of carbon tax,tariff and trading on socioeconomic development in China.     

高级氧化技术处理水中人工甜味剂的研究进展

介绍了几个国家在地表水、污水处理厂进出水等水环境中检测出的人工甜味剂的含量,简介了人工甜味剂对人体的危害,综述了基于臭氧氧化和紫外光照射的高级氧化技术处理水中人工甜味剂的研究进展,剖析了人工甜味剂的降解产物和降解路径以及在降解过程中的矿化效果和毒性变化,对后续的研究方向进行了展望。     

含腈废水处理过程中污染物的转化规律

对某石化企业含腈废水的处理工艺进行了评估,从污染物的来源、组成、处理效果等方面研究了污染物的转化规律,揭示了现有工艺在含腈废水处理过程中的问题。实验结果表明:该企业污水处理场的废水来源较多,丙烯腈生产废水经四效蒸发系统处理后的出水是其污染物的主要来源,含有相对较多的含氮共轭体系;与其他废水混合后,经氨化作用,有机腈转变为有机胺和铵盐;A/O工段矿化度较高,COD的去除率高达73.0%,但有机胺含量仍较高;在缺氧池—生物流化池—硝化池工段,COD进一步被去除,胺类物质浓度大幅降低,但总氮脱除效果并不理想。     

大港油田区域在线监测系统建设与管理

污染源在线监测系统的应用是环境执法、科学管理的重要手段。概述了大港油田区域在线监测系统建设现状及管理现状。分析管理中发现的典型问题,提出应对措施。针对实时数据与COD实测数据偏差较大,提出通过计算显示值与数采仪数据之差,手动调节在线监测仪的输出电流,从而有效降低数据传输偏差;针对COD在线监测仪受氯离子干扰而导致数据异常现象,从三方面提出解决办法:强化对前段来液的处理水平,适当增加掩蔽剂的投入量,选择更加适合的在线监测方法。