Effect of the milling solution on lead stabilization in municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash during the milling processes

The wet milling process had been found to effectively stabilize lead in fly ash. This study adopts this method and looks at the effect of different milling solutions to improve the efficiency of lead stabilization. Different milling solutions (water, phosphoric acid and ethanol) and different milling times (1, 24, 48 and 96 h) were selected as parameters. Since lead oxide can be identified by XRD in this experiment’s samples, 5% lead oxide was added to the extracted mixed fly ash to make instrumental analysis easier. The experimental results indicate that the effect of stabilization of lead after milling could exceed 96%. During milling with water, considerable lead leached into the water in the initial stage (1 h) of the process, but a stable level was reached as the milling time increased. After milling with ethanol and 0.2 M phosphoric acids, the efficiency could exceed 93% after 1 h of milling time. The results of the sequential extraction procedure (SEP) results show that the residual fraction could be increased from 8.93% to 56.16% when a 0.2 M phosphoric acid solution was used. Clearly the choice of an appropriate milling solution can enhance lead stabilization in the fly ash.     

Multiresidue analysis of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides in duplicate-diet solid food by pressurized liquid extraction

An analytical method was developed for determining organophosphate pesticides (OPP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) in duplicate-diet solid food. The method consisted of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with dichloromethane followed by cleanup with gel permeation and solid phase extraction columns and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Quantitative recoveries (73–117 %) of the target pesticides were obtained for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The percent standard deviation (% RSD) of replicate food samples was within ± 20 %. Another method was developed for determining a common OPP metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in duplicate-diet food. The method consisted of a PLE with methanol followed by liquid-liquid partitioning, derivatization, and GC/MS analysis. Recoveries of TCP ranged from 83 to 101 % for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The % RSD of replicate food samples was within ± 15 %. The results confirmed that these methods are reliable and robust, and that they can be used in routine analysis. In addition, a storage stability study for a common OPP, chlorpyrifos (CPF), in solid food samples was performed. The fortified ¹⁵N-¹³C-labeled CPF was stable over 16 mo storage at ?20° C in the dark. The developed analytical methods were successfully applied to 278 duplicate-diet food samples from preschool children, demonstrating that these methods are robust and suitable for routine analysis in future exposure monitoring studies.     

2001~2017年中国建设用地时空分异特征

在快速城市化进程中，我国建设用地急剧扩张，分析建设用地在时间和空间上的变化规律及其原因，对促进我国土地资源的可持续利用具有重要指导意义。基于2001、2006、2011、2017年四期MODIS Land Cover（MCD12Q1）产品数据，结合经济数据和地貌类型数据，研究中国不同经济区和不同地貌类型区的建设用地扩张的时空变化特征，结果表明：（1）全国建设用地在2001~2006、2006~2011、2011~2017年3时期扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢。（2）2001~2017年建设用地扩张主要发生在东部地区，该地区扩张强度最强、扩张速度最快。3时期内东部地区建设用地扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢；中部地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度逐渐变快；西部地区扩张强度先变弱后趋于稳定，扩张速度逐渐变慢；东北地区扩张强度先变弱后趋于稳定，扩张速度先变快后变慢。（3）2001~2017年建设用地扩张主要发生在平原地区，扩张强度最强，丘陵地区扩张速度最快；平原地区建设用地扩张强度逐渐变弱，扩张速度逐渐变慢；丘陵地区扩张强度先变弱后变强，扩张速度先变慢后变快；山地地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度先变快后变慢；高原地区扩张强度逐渐变强，扩张速度逐渐变快。从研究结果可知，不同经济区建设用地扩张强度和速度具有差异性，主要受不同时期国家相应的区域政策影响；不同地貌类型对建设用地扩张的时空特征也会产生影响。     

矿用改性水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能试验

为了解决矿用水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性问题,利用DTM-1000落锤冲击试验机研究不同掺量聚丙烯纤维对水泥基封孔材料抗冲击性能的影响,试验更接近于工程实际。在试验基础上初步探讨纤维素对水泥基材料的抗冲击性能提升的机理,为了进一步提高水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性,利用试验研究不同玻璃纤维和聚丙烯纤维的混合比例对封孔材料抗冲击性的影响。最终得出当聚丙烯纤维和玻璃纤维混合比在1.5∶1为最佳提高水泥基材料的抗冲击性的比例。矿用改性水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能试验对提高水泥基封孔材料的抗冲击性能研究具有重要的参考意义。     

Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

• Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd was the most serious heavy metal contaminant in riverine sediment cores. • Riverine sediment cores from industrial area were most polluted by heavy metals. • B1 fraction determined metal pollution, risk and toxicity in riverine sediments. Anthropogenic activities are regarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-use setting on heavy metal accumulation in riverine sediments. Based on both total contents and geochemical fractions, heavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use areas (mountain area- MA, farm area- FA, city area- CA, and industrial area- IA) of the Yang River Basin in North China. The results showed that FA had higher contents of riverine sedimentary Cu; CA had higher contents of Cd; IA had higher contents of both Cd and Zn. Most riverine sediments from FA and IA were contaminated with the investigated metals, although these concentrations were evaluated to have low potential ecological risk and no toxicity to benthic organisms. However, a high proportion of Cd in the B1 fraction of riverine sediments in IA indicating high risk should receive more attention. The B1 fraction largely determined the contamination, risk and toxicity levels associated with heavy metals in the riverine sediments of the Yang River Basin.     

生态环境政策举措第三方评估方法研究 ——以江苏省涉铅行业综合整治措施为例

以江苏省涉铅行业综合整治工作为例,建立第三方评估方法,构建由环境效益、经济效益和社会效益三大指标类别组成的综合指标体系,对江苏省已经开展的涉铅行业综合整治措施开展试评估。结果表明,涉铅行业综合整治效果达到预期效果的80%,政策实施对污染防治产生一定效果。研究指出,从环境效益为出发点、兼顾考量社会效益和经济效益建立的指标体系,可较为客观、公正、全面地对环境政策举措产生的效果进行综合评价,真实反映生态环境政策举措对环境、经济、产业、社会造成的影响。提出,第三方评估法可用于指导、推动政策不断改进、修订和补充;生态环境政策在制定时应适当关注社会、经济等因素,实现政策效益最大化,为推动江苏省生态环境政策举措第三方评估提供借鉴。     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

Evaluating the potential of CNT-supported Co catalyst used for gas pollution removal in the incineration flue gas

This study investigated the use of Cu/Al₂O₃, Co/Al₂O₃, Fe/Al₂O₃, and Ni/Al₂O₃ catalysts for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These CNTs were used as support for Co catalyst preparation and Co/CNT catalysts were applied to a catalytic reaction to remove BTEX, PAHs, SO₂, NO, and CO simultaneously in a pilot-scale incineration system. The analyzed results of EDS and XRD showed low metal content and good dispersion characteristics of the Al₂O₃-supported catalysts by excess-solution impregnation. FESEM analyzed results showed that the CNTs that were synthesized from Co, Fe, and Ni catalysts had a diameter of 20 nm, whereas those synthesized from Cu/Al₂O₃ had a diameter of 50 nm. Pilot-scale test results demonstrated that the Co/CNT catalyst effectively removed air pollutants in the catalytic reaction and that there was no obvious deactivation by Pb, water vapor, and coke deposited in the process. The thermal stabilization at 250 °C and hydrophobicity properties of CNTs enhanced the application of CNT catalysts in flue gas.     

Characterization of odorants in contrasting ecotypes of Lake Taihu: algae-dominated versus macrophyte-dominated zones

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Globally, odorant incidents are occurring at an increasing frequency, magnitude, and duration under the dual influences of eutrophication and climate...     

不同畜禽粪与化肥配施对黑土中Cu有效性的影响及相关因素分析

本文通过培养试验,研究了不同畜禽粪与化肥配施对黑土中Cu总量及形态3年内动态变化的影响,并对影响Cu形态变化的相关因素进行了分析.研究结果显示:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中Cu的总量,增加效果依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.不同畜禽粪与化肥配施导致了土壤中各形态Cu含量增加,增幅依次为:猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施.此外,不同畜禽粪与化肥配施还导致了土壤中酸可提取态Cu和残渣态Cu比例增加,可还原态Cu和可氧化态Cu比例减少,变化幅度均呈现猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施的规律.由于酸可提取态Cu占全Cu比例较小(增加后比例仍不足2%),故其对Cu有效性的影响微乎其微,而残渣态Cu的增加,可还原态、可氧化态Cu的减少均表明:不同畜禽粪与化肥配施降低了土壤中Cu的有效性.对于影响Cu形态的相关因素分析,研究结果表明:土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间相关性不显著,但其与有机质含量间相关性极其显著.酸可提取态、残渣态Cu与有机质含量呈显著负相关,可还原态、可氧化态Cu与有机质含量呈显著正相关.此外,畜禽粪与化肥配施增加了土壤中各形态Cu与pH值间的相关性,但对其与有机质含量间关系影响不大.