Nitrogen budget and its environmental loading in an urban ecosystem with the rapid urbanisation of China

A detailed nitrogen (N) budget has been developed for an urban ecosystem based on the method of material flow analysis. How increased human activity and urbanisation influences N cycling have also been analysed. Total N input and output in the urban ecosystem of Zhengzhou City (ZUE) was calculated at 304.8?Gg was 275.3?Gg year^?1, resulting in an N accumulation of 29.5?Gg year^?1. Industry and human life activities, which respectively accounted for 43.8% and 34.2% of total N inputs and 52.6% and 29.1% of total N outputs, were the core of N flow in the urban ecosystem. Humans activities mediated more than 98% N inputs into the ZUE, 73.2% of N was released into the atmosphere and 11.7% into hydrosphere. This very large volume of released N could contribute to regional problems. High energy consumption, insufficient wastewater treatment facility practices, and low N use efficiency are the primary causes of pollution. The major challenge ahead for the urban ecosystem is how to manage high-intensity N pollutant inputs to the urban ecosystems coupled with incomplete N cycling and removal. Based on the analysis of the N budget and loading, this study also proposes an N management strategy for the ZUE.     

Contamination characteristics of trace metals in dust from different levels of roads of a heavily air-polluted city in north China

Concentrations of eight trace metals (TMs) in road dust (RD) (particles?<?25 μm) from urban areas of Xinxiang, China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The geometric mean concentrations of Zn, Mn, Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd were 489, 350, 114, 101, 60.0, 39.7, 31.6, and 5.1 mg kg^?1, respectively. When compared with TM levels in background soil, the samples generally display elevated TM concentrations, except for Cr and Mn, and for Cd the enrichment value was 69.6. Spatial variations indicated TMs in RD from park path would have similar sources with main roads, collector streets and bypasses. Average daily exposure doses of the studied TMs were about three orders of magnitude higher for hand-to-mouth ingestion than dermal contact, and the exposure doses for children were 9.33 times higher than that for adults. The decreasing trend of calculated hazard indexes (HI) for the eight elements was As?>?Pb?>?Cr?>?Mn?>?Cd?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Cu for both children and adults.     

同步辐射X射线荧光和吸收谱技术在环境汞污染研究中的应用进展

汞作为一种重要的全球性重金属污染物,被许多国际组织列为优先控制污染物。常规的汞分析手段,例如电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、原子荧光光谱(AFS)等,对汞的分析精度较高,方法比较成熟,但对样品前处理要求也较高。同步辐射技术由于其高、精、准的优势,且对样品前处理要求比较简单、可实现原位无损分析,因此被广泛应用于环境样品的分析中。随着研究的发展,同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SRXRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱(SRXAS)技术在环境汞污染分析领域得到了越来越多的应用。主要介绍了我国环境汞污染现状及污染特征,同步辐射技术对于汞分布蓄积、含量和化学形态分析方面的独特优势,重点回顾了本项目组和其他一些研究组近几年关于SRXRF和SRXAS技术在环境介质如土壤、植物体内汞的分布蓄积、相对含量和化学形态转化研究领域的应用进展,对进一步发展并提高同步辐射技术在环境及生物体汞污染水平、毒性机理和生态毒理评价方面的应用进行了展望。     

滨海滩涂不同围垦年代垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与氮、磷的关系

为探明滨海滩涂围垦区农作物重金属累积特征及其与围垦年代、作物氮磷含量及化学计量比的关系,采集盐城地区不同围垦年代(围垦20、30、40、60年)农田4种主要作物(大麦、小麦、油菜、蚕豆)样品63个,测定了其根、茎叶和籽粒中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg、As及全氮(N)、全磷(P)和粗蛋白(CP)含量,分析了重金属累积特征及与围垦年代、N、P、CP及N/P比的关系,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对重金属污染程度和安全水平进行了评价。结果表明,1)围垦农田作物整株各指标含量分别为Cd (0.52±0.94)、Cu (12.98±16.00)、Zn (34.93±27.91)、Pb (3.50±5.88)、Hg (0.0063±0.0063)、As (1.94±3.72) mg·kg~(-1)及N(13.69±8.27)、P (5.98±2.24)、CP (79.55±49.54) g·kg~(-1);籽粒中则分别为(0.0059±0.020)、(1.83±1.48)、(11.13±4.45)、(0.09±0.30)、(0.0023±0.0036)、(0.0021±0.0048) mg·kg~(-1)及(19.21±7.68)、(6.04±1.64)、(111.78±47.81) g·kg~(-1); 2)作物重金属均表现为根茎叶籽粒,N和CP与之相反,表现为根茎叶籽粒,而P则表现为根籽粒茎叶; 3)不同围垦年代之间作物重金属、N、P、CP含量、N/P比及综合污染指数(Pz)均没有显著差异(P0.05); 4)各作物籽粒6种重金属单因子污染指数均值均小于1,除个别样品Pb超标(超标率11%)外,其他重金属均未超标; 5)作物籽粒重金属Pz均值为0.38,表明该地区作物重金属总体处于安全级,但大麦、小麦、油菜籽粒均有样品Pb含量超过警戒线,个别样品甚至达到重度污染水平; 6)作物整株各重金属之间、重金属与P之间均存在显著正相关(P0.01),而重金属与N、CP、N/P存在显著负相关(P0.01),在籽粒中则相关性均不显著(P0.05)。以上结果显示,盐城滨海滩涂围垦区作物重金属累积与围垦时间关系不大,其含量目前尚处于可接受范围内,但Pb污染值得关注,作物重金属与P之间存在一定的相互促进作用,而与N存在一定的拮抗作用,高氮低磷的机体养分状况有助于降低重金属含量。     

Species diversity variation of Cupressus funebris secondary forest in landslide site after 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake北大核心CSCD

The characteristics of species diversity in Cupressus funebris secondary forest under the effect of geological hazard were explored by selecting the typical landslide surface of Fenghuang Mountain, Leigu Town, Beichuan County, which was derived from the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake. The results showed that 93 species belonged to 42 families, and 78 genera were found in the landslide area, where the main families were Compositae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae-based. Further, 97 species in the transition area belonged to 39 families and 80 genera, and the main families were Compositae, Gramineae, and Rosaceae-based. In all, 108 species were recorded in the non-landslide area, which belonged to 59 families and 92 genera, the main families of which were Compositae, Rosaceae, and Gramineae-based. Compositae and Gramineae played important roles in the landslide recovery process after earthquake. The Pielou index (JSW) was the highest in the non-landslide area of the herb layer, whereas the richness index (D) was the lowest; the Shannon-Wiener index (H) and Simpson index (H') showed medium values. In the non-landslide area, the D, H, and H' were the highest in the shrub layer, whereas the JSW was the lowest. Further, the species diversity index of the transitional area was higher than that of the landslide area. In the tree layer, the D and H were both the highest and lowest in the landslide area and transition area, respectively. In contrast, the H' and JSW were the highest in the transition area and the lowest in the non-landslide area. The distribution of vegetation was generally consistent with the distribution of soil nutrients in the spatial distribution of surface soil nutrients. The succession of trees in the landslide area was relatively slow and at the initial stage, and the pioneer species were Coriaria nepalensis, Leptopus chinensis, and Arthraxon lanceolatus in this area. Taken together, the findings suggested that the stability of a plant community can be increased by improving the soil and stabilizing the slope. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

High zinc removal from water and soil using struvite-supported diatomite obtained by nitrogen and phosphate recovery from wastewater

Zinc is known as an essential element of human life. However, excessive zinc discharge into water and soil causes water pollution, leading to serious health issues such as septicemia, meningitis and iron-deficiency anemia. Here, a novel material made of struvite-supported diatomite was obtained from eutrophic water treated by mesoporous MgO-modified diatomite. This material was applied for zinc remediation in aqueous solutions and contaminated soils to test the reuse of P-containing products. Struvite-supported diatomite was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results show that the maximum removal efficiency of Zn(II) from wastewater streams reached 90.54% at an initial pH of 5 and struvite-supported diatomite dosage of 0.3 g/L. Moreover, the X-ray diffraction patterns of precipitates after Zn(II) sorption show that the combination between zinc and the phosphate group played a key role for zinc removal in solution. For Zn-contaminated soils amended with 10% struvite-supported diatomite, available Zn decreased by 65.38% and acid soluble Zn decreased by 56.9% after 56 days.     

矿化垃圾混配种植介质的盆栽实验研究

矿化垃圾营养成分和有机质含量较高,但含有重金属和盐分.为了解矿化垃圾的施加比例对植物的生长影响以及植物对矿化垃圾混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收和重金属的富集,将矿化垃圾和本地绿化土按照不同比例混配,研究混配种植介质的理化性质的改善条件、矿化垃圾对植物体内的生物量和叶绿素含量的影响、植物对混配种植介质中营养成分的吸收量以及植物体内各种重金属累积浓度,探索矿化垃圾的最佳施用比例.实验结果表明,矿化垃圾可改善上海本地土壤贫瘠的普遍状况,其添加质量分数在50%～75%合适,对植物生长有利.     

胺丙基硅的微结构和表面特性在其对两种微囊藻毒素吸附中的作用

考察了粒状胺丙基硅(CUNAX00X)对水溶液中微囊藻毒素-LR(mLR)和微囊藻毒素-LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为,并通过对胺丙基硅结构中的微孔尺寸分布特征、表面官能团--胺丙基团(-CH2CH2CH2NH 3)和羟基自由基(·OH)的红外分析,对吸附机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,胺丙基硅通过物理吸附和化学吸附对水溶液中的mLR和mLA进行吸附,即胺丙基硅结构中的有效吸附微孔对mLR/mLA的物理吸附,固体表面离子化的胺丙基团和·OH与mLR/mLA分子结构中离子化的羧基(-COO-)以及pH=4.33条件下mLR分子结构中离子化的胍基(-NHCNH·NH 2)之间的弱离子吸附.     

漂浮负载型光催化剂制备及降解草甘膦研究

以漂珠(FP)为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍法制备了漂浮负载型CdS/TiO2/FP复合膜光催化剂,通过SEM、XRD对其结构进行了表征.以甘草膦农药的光催化降解为模型反应,使用不同光源研究了CdS/TiO2/FP的光催化性能,探讨了影响催化剂活性的因素及采用太阳光做光源处理草甘膦的可行性.结果表明,经4层镀膜500℃热处理的20%(w/w)CdS/TiO2/FP光催化剂具有良好的光催化性能,最佳降解条件为:催化剂加入量3 g/L,初始pH 7～9,Fe2 浓度为2.0×10-3 mol/L.通气量200 mL/min.在最佳条件下,对135 mg/L草甘膦溶液降解率可以分别达到96.3%(125 W高压汞灯,60 min)和82.4%(太阳光,180 min).     

二次热解吸-气相色谱-质谱分析室内挥发性有机化合物

采用二次热解吸-气相色谱.质谱法对室内空气进行了定量和定性分析,共检出挥发性有机物245种,包括烷烃、烯烃、芳香类化合物、卤代烃、醇、醛、酮、酯、醚等化合物,住宅类室内空气中挥发性有机化合物浓度平均值明显高于办公类室内这些物质的浓度平均值,对室内空气样品分析中的特例进行了可能的污染源解析,推测室内过量使用液体胶粘剂有可能是引起污染物严重超标的原因之一.