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21.
Davide Vione Daniele Bagnus Valter Maurino Claudio Minero 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2010,8(2):193-198
We measured the formation rate and the steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radicals and of singlet oxygen upon irradiation
of lake water. There is controversy about the importance of singlet oxygen in the environmental photochemistry, but here we
show that the steady-state concentration of 1O2 under irradiation can be higher by about two orders of magnitude compared to the hydroxyl radical. The higher occurrence
of singlet oxygen in surface waters is mainly due to a higher rate of formation, because the transformation rate constants
of 1O2 (collision with the solvent) and of ·OH (reaction with dissolved compounds) are comparable. 相似文献
22.
Environmental Agencies require Decision Support Systems, in order to plan Air Quality Policies considering the cost of emission reduction measures and the human health effects (with related social costs). The use of Decision Support Systems is also useful to spread information to general public, explaining the effectiveness of proposed air quality plans. In this paper, a multi-objective approach to control PM10 concentration at a regional level is presented. The problem considers both the internal costs (due to the implementation of emission reduction measures) and the external costs (due to population exposure to high PM10 concentrations). To model PM10 concentrations, a single surrogate model is used for the entire domain, allowing the implementation of a very efficient optimization procedure. The surrogate model is derived through a set of 10 simulations, performed using a Chemistry Transport Model fed with different emission reduction scenarios. The methodology is applied to Northern Italy, a region affected by very high PM10 concentrations that exceed the limit values specified by the EU legislation. 相似文献
23.
Aquatic insects are a common and important subsidy to terrestrial systems, yet little is known about how these inputs affect terrestrial food webs, especially around lakes. Myvatn, a lake in northern Iceland, has extraordinary midge (Chironomidae) emergences that result in large inputs of biomass and nutrients to terrestrial arthropod communities. We simulated this lake-to-land resource pulse by collecting midges from Myvatn and spreading their dried carcasses on 1-m2 plots at a nearby site that receives very little midge deposition. We hypothesized a positive bottom-up response of detritivores that would be transmitted to their predators and would persist into the following year. We sampled the arthropod community once per month for two consecutive summers. Midge addition resulted in significantly different arthropod communities and increased densities of some taxa in both years. Detritivores, specifically Diptera larvae, Collembola, and Acari increased in midge-addition plots, and so did some predators and parasitoids. Arthropod densities were still elevated a year after midge addition, and two years of midge addition further increased the density of higher-order consumers (e.g., Coleoptera and Hymenoptera). Midge addition increased arthropod biomass by 68% after one year and 108% after two years. By manipulating the nutrient pulse delivered by midges we were able to elucidate food web consequences of midge deposition and spatial and temporal dynamics that are difficult to determine based on comparative approaches alone. Resources cross ecosystem boundaries and are assimilated over time because of life-history strategies that connect aquatic and terrestrial food webs and these systems cannot be fully understood in isolation from each other. 相似文献
24.
A common explanation for hunting in groups is that doing so yields a greater per capita caloric benefit than hunting solitarily.
This is logical for social carnivores, which rely exclusively on meat for energy, but arguably not for omnivores, which obtain
calories from either plant or animal matter. The common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, is one of the few true omnivores that regularly hunts in groups. Studies to date have yielded conflicting data regarding
the payoffs of group hunting in chimpanzees. Here, we interpret chimpanzee hunting patterns using a new approach. In contrast
to the classical assumption that hunting with others maximizes per capita caloric intake, we propose that group hunting is
favored because it maximizes an individual’s likelihood of obtaining important micronutrients that may be found in small quantities
of meat. We describe a mathematical model demonstrating that group hunting may evolve when individuals can obtain micronutrients
more frequently by hunting in groups than by hunting solitarily, provided that group size is below a certain threshold. Twenty
five years of data from Gombe National Park, Tanzania are consistent with this prediction. We propose that our ‘meat-scrap’
hypothesis is a unifying approach that may explain group hunting by chimpanzees and other social omnivores. 相似文献
25.
Claudio Carnevale Giovanna Finzi Enrico Pisoni Marialuisa Volta 《Ecological modelling》2009,217(3-4):219
To assess the impact of three different emission reduction scenarios on PM10 concentrations in Northern Italy, the TCAM multiphase model has been applied in the framework of the CityDelta III-CAFE EU project. The considered domain, that is characterized by high urban and industrial emissions and a dense road traffic, due to frequently stagnating meteorological conditions is often affected by severe PM10 levels, far from the European standard regulations. The impact evaluation has been performed in terms of both yearly mean values and 50 g/m3 exceedance days for the 2004 Base Case simulation. The results show that the three selected emission reduction scenarios up to 2020 improve air quality all over the domain, in particular, in the area with higher emission density. 相似文献
26.
Delang CO 《Environmental management》2006,37(4):470-486
This article discusses the system of classification of forest types used by the Pwo Karen in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary
in western Thailand and the role of nontimber forest products (NTFPs), focusing on wild food plants, in Karen livelihoods.
The article argues that the Pwo Karen have two methods of forest classification, closely related to their swidden farming
practices. The first is used for forest land that has been, or can be, swiddened, and classifies forest types according to
growth conditions. The second system is used for land that is not suitable for cultivation and looks at soil properties and
slope. The article estimates the relative importance of each forest type in what concerns the collection of wild food plants.
A total of 134 wild food plant species were recorded in December 2004. They account for some 80–90% of the amount of edible
plants consumed by the Pwo Karen, and have a base value of Baht 11,505 per year, comparable to the cash incomes of many households.
The article argues that the Pwo Karen reliance on NTFPs has influenced their land-use and forest management practices. However,
by restricting the length of the fallow period, the Thai government has caused ecological changes that are challenging the
ability of the Karen to remain subsistence oriented. By ignoring shifting cultivators’ dependence on such products, the involvement
of governments in forest management, especially through restrictions imposed on swidden farming practices, is likely to have
a considerable impact on the livelihood strategies of these communities. 相似文献
27.
Marco Inés Padró Roc Cattaneo Claudio Caravaca Jonathan Tello Enric 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(4):981-993
Regional Environmental Change - We analyse the changes to agricultural metabolism in four municipalities of Vallès County (Catalonia, Iberia) by accounting for their agroecosystem funds and... 相似文献
28.
Md. Badiuzzaman Khan Mauro Masiol Caterina Bruno Alberto Pasqualetto Gian Maria Formenton Claudio Agostinelli Bruno Pavoni 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(32):31987-32000
A yearlong sampling campaign (2012–2013) was conducted in six major cities of the Veneto region to investigate the spatial-temporal trends and the factors affecting the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) variations and identify the local sources. Sixty samples per city were collected for analyses in every alternate month (April, June, August, October, December, and February): 10 samples per sampling site in 10 consecutive days of the months selected. Samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile and processed through high-performance liquid chromatography. Total Σ-PAH concentrations ranged from 0.19 to 70.4 ng m?3 with a mean concentration of 11.5 ng m?3. The mean benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentration reached 2.0 ng m?3, which is two-times higher than the limit set by the European Union. BaP contributed for 17.4% to the total concentration of PAHs, which showed the same pattern across the region with maxima during cold months and minima in the warm period. In this study, PAHs showed an inverse relationship with temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and ozone. According to this study, biomass burning for household heating and cooking, followed by gaseous PAHs absorption on particles due to low atmospheric temperature, were the main reasons for increasing PAHs concentration in winter. Health risk, evaluated as lifetime lung cancer risk (LCR), showed a potential carcinogenic risk from the airborne BaPTEQ six-fold higher in the cold season than in the warm one. Diagnostic ratios and conditional probability functions were used to locate the sources, and results confirmed that local emission, overall domestic heating, and road transport exhausts were responsible for higher concentration rates of PAHs as well as of PM2.5. 相似文献
29.
Gabriela Eguren Noelia Rivas-Rivera Claudio García Bernardo Böcking Santiago Bandeira 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2018,190(12):710
Agricultural systems have experienced rapid expansion and intensification in the last several decades. In Uruguay, since the beginning of 2000, the most common cropping systems have included soybeans. Currently, this crop is expanding towards lowlands traditionally occupied by rice in rotation with pastures. However, the environmental effects of agricultural intensification and diversification are not well known. Thus, some indices have been proposed to quantify the changes in agricultural production systems and assess water quality. The main goal of this study was to develop a water quality index (WQI) to assess the impacts of the diversification of rice production systems in northwest Uruguay. The study was carried out in an agricultural basin where other summer crops have been incorporated in the rice-pasture sequence. Agriculture intensification and crop diversification indices were calculated using information provided by farmers. Water samples were collected downstream of the production area before crop sowing and after crop harvest (2008–2009 to 2010–2011 and 2016–2017 to 2017–2018). Biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, total phosphorus, fecal coliforms, and total suspended solids were the variables that mainly explained the effects of the agricultural activities on water quality. The proposed water quality index included these unweighted variables, which allowed for the pre-sowing and post-harvest to be differentiated, as well as the degree of diversification. Therefore, the proposed WQI constitutes a tool that can be used to evaluate the water quality in an agricultural basin. Likewise, it can be used to select agricultural sequences that generate the least possible impacts on the associated water resources. 相似文献
30.