城市生物质废物厌氧消化处理可行性分析

城市废物传统的处理方式主要包括卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥,而近年来,随着城市生活垃圾中生物质废物的增加以及世界能源短缺现象的加剧,具有废物处理和资源回收双重效益的生物质废物厌氧消化技术日益受到世界各国的广泛关注。文章分析了我国城市生物质废物的种类和性质,指出了采用目前的三种传统废物处理方式处理我国城市生物质废物的弊端,并提出了利用厌氧消化技术处理城市生物质废物的适用性,对比分析了上述四种废物处理方式的优缺点,并从政策方向性、技术工艺可靠性、原料和市场稳定性,以及环境、经济和社会效益优良性等多方面对城市生物质废物厌氧消化技术的可行性进行了分析,说明厌氧消化技术必将成为未来生物质废物资源化处理的发展趋势。     

典型环境条件下装备环境适应性的评估方法

系统分析了航空装备环境适应的特点及环境适应性要求的类型。在此基础上,根据装备的相关环境试验信息和外场环境故障信息,遵循确定模糊集隶属函数的原则,分别构建了描述装备对单因素环境适应性的隶属度。基于单因素评估结果,选择合适的确定权重的方法,确定模糊综合评判中各层次因素的权重。最后选择合适的合成算子采用模糊综合评估的方法分别提出了装备与下层产品的综合环境适应性评估方法。通过实例验证了模型的合理性和方法的可行性。     

南宁城市内河水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征

采用改进的固相萃取、加速溶剂萃取和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器,对广西壮族自治区南宁5条城市内河的水体和表层沉积物样品中7种痕量有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了分析测定. 结果表明,南宁城市内河水体有机氯农药以HCHs为主,ρ(OCPs)为nd～0.141 μg/L. 5个点位沉积物中w(总OCPs)为2.13～2.80 μg/kg,均检出4,4′-DDE和4,4′-DDD,w(DDD)/w(DDE)<1,且DDTs在沉积物中的含量普遍高于HCHs. 各点位沉积物中有机氯农药各组分含量均低于美国环境保护署采用的无毒害风险浓度.      

围网养殖对洪湖水质的影响分析

文章从围网养殖对洪湖水质影响的角度出发,依据1990～2006年在洪湖实测的水质数据分析了洪湖水质的时空变化过程及趋势,并发现水质指标中总氮的超标量变化明显。利用环境污染综合指数法,通过围网内和围网外以及围网前和围网后不同水文期的水质情况对比,对洪湖水质变化进行综合评价。结果表明围网内的环境污染综合指数在枯水期要远大于围网外的,围网养殖对湖泊的局部污染严重;围网前水质基本可以达到Ⅱ类水质标准,开始围网后洪湖水质逐步恶化,且围网养殖面积与水质恶化的程度有着相同的变化趋势,总氮的含量变化尤为明显,随着围网养殖规模面积的扩大急速增加。     

积极推行ISO14000，促进中国商品的出口

介绍了国际贸易中的环境壁垒问题，提出了解决环境壁垒，促进中国商品出口的具体办法。     

气候变化对莱州湾地区水资源脆弱性的影响

论文首先分析了在现状年(1993年)供水能力和需水条件下,1960～1993年的气候波动对莱州湾地区水资源供需平衡和脆弱性的影响。然后根据未来气候情景分析了在2000规划年和2020规划年供水能力和需水要求下,未来气候变化(2000～2042年)对水资源供需平衡及脆弱性的影响。在农业需水保证率50%时,2000～2019年水资源供需基本平衡,但2020～2042年水资源短缺20～57亿m³。若考虑未来气温的上升,则水资源短缺进一步加大。因此,2020年以后需在调入56亿m³客水资源基础上,从区外调入更多稳定的水量以保证该地区社会经济的可持续发展。     

Characterization of the monthly variation in (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan concentrations in university laboratories

We characterize the monthly variation in (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan concentration measured over the course of 1 year, and we evaluate the characteristics of size selection using a two-stage cyclone sampler. The (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan concentrations were measured in four bio-related laboratories. A total of 156 samples were collected using a new two-stage cyclone sampler. Analysis of (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan was performed using the kinetic Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. The study showed that airborne (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan concentrations were significantly higher in laboratory D (mean ± SD 1,105?±?1,893 pg/m³) and in the spring (5,458 pg/m³). The highest concentration of (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan occurred in the spring, particularly in May.     

Human dietary intake and excretion of dioxin-like compounds

Human dietary intake and excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs)--collectively referred to as dioxin-like compounds (DLCs)--were investigated. Two groups of seven subjects were studied during 1999 and 2000: one aged 23.9 +/- 4.5 years, the other aged 49.4 +/- 5.2 years. For each subject, two week-long experiments were held. In one, omnivorous diets were administered, whilst in the other, a vegan diet was studied. While exposures via the omnivorous diets exceeded those via the vegan diet on a sigmaWHO-TEQ basis; for some subjects sigmaPCB exposures were comparable in both diets, implying that plant-based foods can make an appreciable contribution to exposure to sigmaPCB. For all subjects, the average dietary exposure during the omnivorous trial to PCDD/Fs and PCBs combined (expressed as WHO-TEQ) was--at 1.09 pg kg(-1) bw d(-1)--lower than recent UK "food-basket" estimates. For the same diet, the average sigmaPCB exposure for all subjects was--at 5.01 microg person(-1) d(-1)--higher than recent UK "food-basket" estimates, but consistent with recent estimates for other industrialised countries. Net absorption/excretion but not faecal excretion rates of DLCs were related to dietary intakes. Furthermore, excretion rates of the most persistent DLCs--i.e. PCB #s 138, 153, and 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD--were statistically significantly greater for the older subjects. Combined, these data imply that excretion rate is dependent on body burden, and that the majority of DLCs in human faeces arise from endogenous excretion.     

Assessing soil and groundwater contamination in a metropolitan redevelopment project

The purpose of this study was to assess contaminated soil and groundwater for the urban redevelopment of a rapid transit railway and a new mega-shopping area. Contaminated soil and groundwater may interfere with the progress of this project, and residents and shoppers may be exposed to human health risks. The study area has been remediated after application of first remediation technologies. Of the entire area, several sites were still contaminated by waste materials and petroleum. For zinc (Zn) contamination, high Zn concentrations were detected because waste materials were disposed in the entire area. For petroleum contamination, high total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and hydrocarbon degrading microbe concentrations were observed at the depth of 7 m because the underground petroleum storage tank had previously been located at this site. Correlation results suggest that TPH (soil) concentration is still related with TPH (groundwater) concentration. The relationship is taken into account in the Spearman coefficient (α).     

南宁城市内河沉积物中SVOCs的分布与风险评价

采用加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对南宁市7条城市内河表层沉积物中的64种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)进行了分析测定,定量检出12种SVOCs,包括7种多环芳烃类(PAHs)、1种酚类和4种酯类,其中属于我国优先控制污染物的有8种,属于美国优先控制污染物的有11种。南宁市城市内河沉积物中的SVOCs总量范围为6.75~34.45 μg/g(以干质量计),均值为15.85 μg/g(以干质量计),以竹排冲的含量最高,污染程度与工业污染源的关系十分密切。特征污染物为酞酸酯,在各测点的比重均占检出总含量的83%以上。除相思湖外的6条城市内河的沉积物均检出PAHs,区域内的工业生产活动对城市内河沉积物的PAHs有重要贡献。应用效应区间低值(ERL)和效应区间中值(ERM)指标对沉积物进行的生态风险评价表明,南宁市城市内河沉积物的生态风险较小。