Rapid detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 in chorionic mesenchymal cells

We have devised and evaluated a rapid screening method for the detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes13, 18 and 21 in chorionic villus cells. We used non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) with three chromosome-specific probes on overnight-attached mesenchymal cells from chorionic villi. A blind study was performed of 47 karyotypically normal samples, one triploid sample, two samples trisomic for chromosome 21, and two samples from a fetus with putative mosaicism (46/47, +21). All samples were hybridized with the chromosome 18- and 21-specific probes. Thirty samples were additionally hybridized with the chromosome 13-specific probe. The test could be completed within 3-4 days of sampling. In samples disomic with respect to the probed chromosomes, an average of 2 per cent (range 0-9 per cent) had three hybridization signals. By contrast, in the samples trisomic for the probed chromosome(s), 57 per cent (chromosome 13), 51 per cent (chromosome 18), and an average of 74 per cent (55-86 per cent) (chromosome 21) of the nuclei exhibited three signals. In the putative mosaic samples, the number of nuclei with three chromosome 21-specific signals ranged from 41 to 69 per cent. We conclude that this technique rapidly and clearly distinguishes between normal and trisomic/triploid samples, and consequently may be of use in future prenatal diagnosis.     

过敏与非过敏儿童室内PM2.5的细胞毒性比较研究

流行病学研究表明,空气细颗粒污染物(PM_(2.5))的暴露与过敏性疾病有一定的联系;然而,PM_(2.5)暴露与过敏性疾病之间的关系尚未完全阐明,特别是室内环境中PM_(2.5)涉及到过敏或非过敏的作用不详.为了比较研究过敏与非过敏儿童室内PM_(2.5)的细胞毒性,在武汉市洪山区10户家庭室内进行了为期3个月的采样,分别收集过敏与非过敏儿童的室内PM_(2.5).采用有机/元素碳测定仪对二者PM_(2.5)成分中的含碳组分进行了分析,并通过检测昆明小鼠巨噬细胞的形态及吞噬功能影响、细胞活力、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率等指标,来检测PM_(2.5)暴露所致的细胞毒性.结果表明,高剂量(200μg·mL~(-1))PM_(2.5)暴露对小鼠巨噬细胞的形态及吞噬功能会产生不利的影响;与非过敏儿童的室内PM_(2.5)暴露组相比,过敏儿童的室内PM_(2.5)暴露组诱导巨噬细胞产生的毒性作用更明显.细胞体外测试结果提示:在相同PM_(2.5)暴露剂量下,引起儿童过敏症的室内PM_(2.5)成分具有重要影响.     

Long-term observations of tropospheric NO2, SO2 and HCHO by MAX-DOAS in Yangtze River Delta area, China

Yangtze River Delta(YRD) area is one of the important economic zones in China. However,this area faces increasing environmental problems. In this study, we use ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS) network in Eastern China to retrieve variations of NO_2, SO_2, and formaldehyde(HCHO) in the YRD area. Three cities of YRD(Hefei, Nanjing, and Shanghai) were selected for long-term observations. This paper presents technical performance and characteristics of instruments, their distribution in YRD, and results of vertical column densities(VCDs) and profiles of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO.Average diurnal variations of tropospheric NO_2 and SO_2 in different seasons over the three stations yielded minimum values at noon or in the early afternoon, whereas tropospheric HCHO reached the maximum during midday hours. Slight reduction of the pollutants in weekends occurred in all the three sites. In general trace gas concentrations gradually reduced from Shanghai to Hefei. Tropospheric VCDs of NO_2, SO_2, and HCHO were compared with those from Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI) satellite observations, resulting in R~2 of 0.606, 0.5432, and 0.5566, respectively. According to analysis of regional transports of pollutants, pollution process happened in YRD under the north wind with the pollution dissipating in the southeast wind. The feature is significant in exploring transport of tropospheric trace gas pollution in YRD, and provides basis for satellite and model validation.     

近百年中国亚热带地区农业气候带界限动态变化及其对农业生产的影响

本文利用我国东部亚热带地区315个站点的资料,采用农业气候带分界指标,分析了北亚热带北界、中亚热带北界、南亚热带北界3个界限近百年的动态变化以及农业气候带界限波动变化对农业生产的影响。     

牛粪-化肥配施对水稻田氮磷迁移转化的影响

在控制外源N输入量相同的前提下,通过田间小区实验,探讨有机肥与化肥不同施用量（牛粪施用量：5,10,20t/hm²）对稻田田间土-水界面氮磷迁移转化特征的影响.结果表明：控制稻田水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN和TP输出的最佳时期分别为施肥后的第5,30,7,20d,且TN和TP浓度随时间变化符合单指数衰减方程（0.7444≤R²≤0.9724;1.1×10^-6≤F≤0.0055）.采用牛粪部分代替化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田退水中TN、TP输出负荷（41.8%、36.0%、64.3%;20.3%、39.1%、48.9%）,还可以降低稻田水中N/P,降低水体富营养化风险.同时,牛粪的施用可提高土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶的含量,促进氮磷向植物可吸收形态转化.综合经济成本和生态效益核算,采用10t有机肥代替无机肥的处理是相对经济环保的施肥方法,该施肥方式下,氮磷年输出负荷分别为17.70,1.26kg/hm².     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

基于ICE-SSD联用的地下水中苯并[a]芘生态风险评价——以下辽河平原地下水为例

借鉴地表水生态风险评价框架,尝试构建地下水生态风险评价方法,以下辽河平原地下水为例,开展地下水中苯并[a]芘(BaP)的生态风险评价工作.通过开展示范区地下水生态系统特征分析,筛选出用于地下水生态风险评价的代表性物种,共计5门9科.基于种间关系模型(ICE),推导地下水代表性物种的毒性数据.选取日本三角涡虫作为地下水典型物种,模拟地下水条件开展急性毒性试验,测试结果与模型推导数据间具有较好的一致性,初步验证了模型推导数据的可靠性;同时将测试结果应用于模型数据的校正,以降低方法的不确定性.基于此,构建地下水生态系统物种敏感度曲线(SSD);参考EPA方法构建地表水生态系统SSD曲线;地下水生态系统和地表水生态系统对于BaP 5%物种有害浓度(HC5)值分别为0.11μg·L~(-1)和0.58μg·L~(-1),初步表明地下水物种对BaP胁迫更为敏感.结合下辽河平原区地下水中BaP的暴露浓度水平,开展地下水生态系统风险评价,结果表明:处于高风险水平(RQ1)的概率为0.61%,表明胁迫因子BaP对下辽河平原地下水生态系统影响有限.     

三段A/O工艺处理发制品产业集聚区综合废水

利用三段A/O工艺作为发制品产业集聚区综合废水生物处理单元,探讨了不同进水流量分配比和污泥回流比下COD、TN、PO₄^3--P的去除性能和微生物群落特征.结果表明,在进水流量分配比60%：25%：15%、污泥回流比75%、缺氧区与好氧区容积比1：1、SRT 20d、HRT 16h条件下,三段A/O工艺处理综合废水后出水TN平均浓度14.85mg/L,COD浓度低于40m/L;此时PO₄^3--P去除率达到最大值,为56.21%.参与处理综合废水的主要门水平微生物Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes的相对丰度是45.63%~60.13%和16.65%~30.55%.Denitratisoma、Thauera、uncultured-f-Saprospiraceae和Sulfuritalea等优势菌属相对丰度的增加,是三段A/O工艺TN去除率随第一分段进水流量分配比增大或污泥回流比降低而提高的本质体现.     

黄海桑沟湾养殖区海水中喹诺酮类抗生素的残留状况

渔业养殖水环境中抗生素污染造成的水产品质量安全和环境微生物耐药性问题已经引起广泛关注。本文采用固相萃取-液相色谱/串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）对桑沟湾养殖区海水及养殖水产品中17种喹诺酮类抗生素药物残留进行研究。结果显示,养殖区海水中喹诺酮类抗生素的检出率高达52.94%,含量水平介于ND~32.48 ng/L。不同的鱼类养殖区域海水中喹诺酮类药物含量差别较大,且浓度大小依次为为牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）养殖区>黑鲪（Sebastes schlegelii）养殖区>红鳍东方鲀（Takifugu rubripes）养殖区。科普示范养殖区海水中喹诺酮类最高浓度范围与牙鲆养殖区相近,而近岸码头非养殖区海水中喹诺酮类检出率和残留浓度最低,表明桑沟湾海水中抗生素残留可能受水产养殖的影响。分析结果显示桑沟湾养殖区鱼肉中喹诺酮残留量远小于国家安全限量。     

近20年来中国典型区域PM2.5时空演变过程

近20年来PM_(2.5)污染严重制约了中国可持续发展.长时间序列历史监测数据的缺失阻碍了相关研究.为此,本文以四大典型区域2013~2016年的PM_(2.5)浓度监测值和2000~2016年MODIS AOD数据、边界层高度、温度等气象数据作为基础数据,将反向人工神经网络和支持向量回归机两种算法相结合,构建组合模拟模型,并利用地理空间分析技术实现近20年来PM_(2.5)浓度历史变化过程的情景再现.研究结果表明,组合模型具有较低的误差和更高的泛化能力;时空分析结果表明,2000~2010年京津冀和东三省PM_(2.5)浓度持续增长,珠三角PM_(2.5)浓度缓慢下降,3个研究区PM_(2.5)污染范围呈扩大趋势,长三角PM_(2.5)浓度值及污染范围基本保持稳定.2012年4个研究区PM_(2.5)浓度值降低且污染范围缩小,但2013~2016年PM_(2.5)浓度略微上升后又下降,高污染范围缩小,这与国家采取PM_(2.5)区域联防等治理措施有关.