杭州西湖湖湾生物硅沉积测定与营养演化的过程

选择杭州西湖3处湖湾——茅家埠、乌龟潭、浴鹄湾作为研究对象,通过3处湖湾多点浅钻的表层沉积物生物硅质量分数测试,通过底泥分析西湖疏浚与水环境治理措施的效果。研究发现：对照西湖沉积速率（4mm／a）,3处湖湾表层沉积物中生物硅质量分数高低依次为茅家埠、乌龟潭与浴鹄湾。近10年来不同湖湾沉积物中生物硅沉积含量相差较大,这一时期正对应着西湖综合环境整治工程。对西湖3个湖湾表层沉积物中生物硅质量分数研究表明：西湖水体中的氮、磷、硅促进了硅藻的生长与硅的消耗,不同湖湾之间生物硅沉积存在着明显差异,这可能与人类活动的影响差异有关。     

Estimating monthly total nitrogen concentration in streams by using artificial neural network

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a flexible and popular tool for predicting the non-linear behavior in the environmental system. Here, the feed-forward ANN model was used to investigate the relationship among the land use, fertilizer, and hydrometerological conditions in 59 river basins over Japan and then applied to estimate the monthly river total nitrogen concentration (TNC). It was shown by the sensitivity analysis, that precipitation, temperature, river discharge, forest area and urban area have high relationships with TNC. The ANN structure having eight inputs and one hidden layer with seven nodes gives the best estimate of TNC. The 1:1 scatter plots of predicted versus measured TNC were closely aligned and provided coefficients of errors of 0.98 and 0.93 for ANNs calibration and validation, respectively. From the results obtained, the ANN model gave satisfactory predictions of stream TNC and appears to be a useful tool for prediction of TNC in Japanese streams. It indicates that the ANN model was able to provide accurate estimates of nitrogen concentration in streams. Its application to such environmental data will encourage further studies on prediction of stream TNC in ungauged rivers and provide a useful tool for water resource and environment managers to obtain a quick preliminary assessment of TNC variations.     

Explosions and deflagration-to-detonation transitions in epoxy propane/air mixtures

The explosion and deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) in epoxy propane (E.P.) vapor/air mixture clouds under weak ignition conditions has been studied in an experimental tube of diameter 199 mm and length 29.6 m. E.P. vapor clouds were formed by injecting liquid E.P. into the experimental tube and evaporating of the fine E.P. droplets. The dimension and the evaporating process of the E.P. droplet were measured and analyzed. The E.P. vapor/air mixture clouds were ignited by an electric spark with an ignition energy of 40 J. The characteristics and the stages of the DDT process in the E.P. vapor/air mixtures have been studied and analyzed. A self-sustained detonation wave formed, as was evident from the existence of a transverse wave and a cellular structure. Moreover, a retonation wave formed during the DDT process in the E.P. vapor/air mixture. The influence of the E.P. vapor concentration on the DDT process has been studied. The minimum E.P. vapor concentration for the occurrence of the DDT in the E.P. vapor/air mixture has been evaluated and the variation of DDT distance with E.P. vapor concentration has been analyzed.     

重金属铬（Ⅵ）的生态毒性及其土壤环境基准

目前我国正在系统的开展水质基准研究,但是关于土壤环境基准的研究相对比较薄弱.以保定市农田潮土为研究对象,进行重金属Cr(Ⅵ)对8种土壤植物(小麦、莴苣、黄瓜、玉米、白菜、大豆、韭菜、番茄)的发芽及根伸长和对1种土壤动物(蜗牛)的生长抑制的慢性生态毒理学试验,结合搜集的本土生物毒性数据,基于log-normal物种敏感性分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD),计算Cr(Ⅵ)的HC5(对5%物种产生危害的浓度)值和土壤环境基准值.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)对小麦、莴苣、白菜、玉米、黄瓜、大豆、韭菜、番茄和土壤无脊椎动物蜗牛的生长影响的无观察效应浓度(NOEC)值分别为19.0、21.0、28.0、32.0、28.0、32.0、32.0、12.0和20.0 mg·kg-1.通过对相同试验条件下生物毒性数据的比较可知,番茄对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性最高,小麦和莴苣对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性相似,而玉米、黄瓜、白菜、大豆和韭菜对Cr(Ⅵ)污染的敏感性相似.基于log-normal SSD的保定市潮土中Cr(Ⅵ)的HC5值为7.7(4.1相似文献   

Cu、Cd污染对土壤脲酶活性的影响研究

随着重金属污染的越来越重,重金属对土壤环境的危害引起人们广泛的关注,土壤酶作为土壤生态系统中生化反应的催化剂,对各种土壤代谢过程起驱动作用.为研究单因素重金属Cu、Cd对于土壤脲酶活性的影响,以至于对环境保护和环境评价工作提供意见.本文采用靛酚蓝比色法测定脲酶活性,以氨氮浓度表征土壤脲酶活性.实验结果表明,随着Cu2＋、Cd2＋浓度的增加,土壤脲酶活性显著降低,即重金属对土壤脲酶具有抑制作用.     

城市环境空气中PM2.5和NO2浓度的相关性研究

以湖南省长沙市为研究区域,对城市环境空气中的PM2.5和NO2浓度进行自动监测,并对数据进行相关性分析.结果表明,PM2.5和NO2浓度的季节性变化大,且两者的变化规律一致,均为冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季;在一天内,NO2浓度的最低值一般出现在午后,但PM2.5浓度的最低值、峰值出现时间不确定;就功能区分布而言,NO2浓度最高值出现在商业区,而PM2.5浓度分布的区域规律不明显.PM2.5与NO2浓度变化以正相关为主,PM2.5浓度高时,NO2浓度高,反之亦然,两者容易产生叠加污染.总体上,冬、秋季节为PM2.5和NO2主要控制季节.     

贵州省境内乌江干流水质现状分析

根据贵州省环境监测部门资料显示乌江已成为贵州省水污染程度最为严重的流域,突出的问题是总磷、氟化物超标。本文用最小二乘法模型和t检验方法对贵州省境内乌江干流2006—2013年水质状况进行分析,结果表明乌江干流总磷、氨氮、氟化物,高锰盐指数浓度变化趋式为"无趋势",乌江干流水质稳定,并提出流域污染防治的对策和建议。     

东三旗台Sacks体应变干扰分析与震例研究

本文对北京市昌平区东三旗台Sacks体应变观测值与固体潮、气压、水位、降雨关系进行了初步分析。通过干扰因素分析,为提高地震预报的准确性提供了参考依据。同时,进行了有关震例研究,希望通过总结震例,为今后利用Sacks体应变观测探索地震预报实践建立科学的分析处理方法。     

连续流态下以城市污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及颗粒特性研究

在连续流气提式好氧颗粒污泥流化床(CAFB)反应器中,以低浓度的城市污水作为营养基质,絮状污泥作为接种污泥,采用逐级递增负荷的运行方式培养好氧颗粒污泥.研究了CAFB中颗粒污泥的形成过程、颗粒性质和污泥中生物多样性.结果表明,CAFB反应器启动的第6 d即有大量颗粒污泥形成,颗粒直径800～1 000μm.CAFB运行12 d后,污泥浓度MLSS达到6 000 mg·L-1,SVI值稳定在35 mL·g-1左右,胞外聚合物的质量分数与接种前相比有了较大的增长,并具有丰富的生物相和较高的生物量,各项运行指标基本趋于稳定.扫描电镜观察颗粒污泥主要由球菌和杆菌组成,颗粒中含有大量的孔隙和通道.装置稳定运行后,对COD的去除率保持在70%～75%,出水COD的浓度维持在70 mg·L-1左右.在装置运行32 d后,丝状菌大量繁殖,发生污泥膨胀.可见,在CAFB中可以快速形成好氧颗粒污泥,且对污染物具有良好的去除效果,但其运行稳定性还有待深入研究.     

工程法计算有限面声源噪声几何发散衰减规律

针对HJ 2.4—2009《环境影响评价技术导则声环境》中面声源的几何发散衰减计算存在的问题,提出采用工程法计算a×b面声源噪声几何发散衰减方法,并通过实例分析进行比较论证。