Techno-economic evaluation of biogas upgrading process using CO2 facilitated transport membrane

The biogas upgrading by membrane separation process using a highly efficient CO₂-selective polyvinylamine/polyvinylalcohol (PVAm/PVA) blend membrane was investigated by experimental study and simulation with respect to process design, operation optimization and economic evaluation. This blend membrane takes advantages of the unique CO₂ facilitated transport from PVAm and the robust mechanical properties from PVA, exhibits both high CO₂/CH₄ separation efficiency and very good stability. CO₂ transports through the water swollen membrane matrix in the form of bicarbonate. CO₂/CH₄ selectivity up to 40 and CO₂ permeance up to 0.55 m³(STP)/m² h bar at 2 bar were documented in lab with synthesized biogas (35% CO₂ and 65% CH₄). Membrane performances at varying feed pressures were recorded and used as the simulation basis in this work. The process simulation of an on-farm scale biogas upgrading plant (1000 Nm³/h) was conducted. Processes with four different membrane module configurations with or without recycle were evaluated technically and economically, and the 2-stage in cascade with recycle configuration was proven optimal among the four processes. The sensitivity of the process to various operation parameters was analyzed and the operation conditions were optimized.     

Continuous time random walk model better describes the tailing of atrazine transport in soil

Contaminant transport in soils is complicated and involves some physical and chemical nonequilibrium processes. In this research, the soil column displacement experiments of Cl⁻ and atrazine under different flow velocities were carried out. The data sets of Cl⁻ transport in sandy loam fitted to the convection dispersion equation (CDE) and the two-region model (TRM) indicated that the effects of physical nonequilibrium process produced by immobile water on the breakthrough curves (BTCs) of Cl⁻ and atrazine transport through the repacking soil columns were negligible. The two-site model (TSM) and the continuous time random walk (CTRW) were also used to fit atrazine transport behavior at the flow rate of 19.86 cm h⁻¹. The CTRW convincingly captured the full evolution of atrazine BTC in the soil column, especially for the part of long tailing. However, the TSM failed to characterize the tailing of atrazine BTC in the soil column. The calculated fraction of equilibrium sorption sites, F, ranging from 0.78 to 0.80 for all flow rates suggested the contribution of nonequilibrium sorption sites to the asymmetry of atrazine BTCs. Furthermore, the data sets for the flow rates of 6.68 cm h⁻¹ and 32.81 cm h⁻¹ were predicted by the TSM and the CTRW. As to the flow rate of 6.68 cm h⁻¹, the CTRW predicted the entire BTC of atrazine transport better than the TSM did. For the flow rate of 32.81 cm h⁻¹, the CTRW characterized the late part of the tail better, while the TSM failed to predict the tailings of atrazine BTC.     

长江水系河流与水库中鲤鱼的元素含量特征

针对长江三峡水库蓄水后引起水库汞活化效应对生态与环境的影响问题,系统地分析了长江水系水库与河流鲤鱼肌肉的Ａｓ,Ｃｄ,Ｃｕ,Ｆｅ,Ｈｇ,Ｍｎ,Ｐｂ,Ｓｅ,Ｎａ,Ｍｇ等元素含量的分布特征。并以丹江口水库－汉江,陈村水库－青戈江为例,用多元分析证明水库与河流的鲤肌肉中Ａｓ,Ｓｅ,Ｈｇ,Ｃｄ等元素含量存在显著差异,同时指出水库汞活化效应引起的鱼体汞含量增加是该元素的一种生物地球化学现象,并利用同一水系水库     

大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征及防治对策

介绍了大港油田大气颗粒物和多环芳烃的污染现状,并对大港油田地区大气特征构成及大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征作了初步分析,得出大港油田地区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染类型为燃油型,并据此提出了防治多环芳烃污染的相应对策。     

横向流除油器的研制及其在油田含油污水处理中的应用

研制开发出的新型横向流除油器具有独特性能,除油器的聚结区由相互正交的梯形板组所组成,水流在其中沿正弦波路流动;分离区由一系列单元六面体所组成的三维板构成,水流在其中沿水平方向流动,并且流速不断变化。水流在设备内沿水平方向流动,油垂直向上移动,泥垂直向下滑动,处理后水质不会产生二次污染等问题。用该设备处理大庆油田含油污水效果良好,完全可以代替现有工艺中的自然沉降罐和混凝沉降罐。     

微波技术在废物处理中的应用

综述了微波在废物处理中的应用，主要介绍了微波加热的机理及特点，微波在处理放射性废物、废旧电路板、污泥、医疗垃圾、废轮胎中的应用，展望了微波技术在废物处理中的应用前景。     

废弃水基钻井液固化处理研究

废弃水基钻井液固化处理是当前油田环保急需解决的问题之一。研究利用油田的几种废弃水基钻井液,选择固化技术对其进行固化处理,探讨几种无机和有机添加剂对处理效果的影响,优选相对较好的添加剂配方,并对其固化机理作了初步分析。结果表明：采用无机胶凝剂和少量有机固化剂配制的复合型团化剂,固化效果较好,固化物的浸出液毒性均在ＧＢ３５５０－８３控制的指标之内,成本低廉,收到较好的社会与经济效益。     

鸭绿江口再悬浮沉积物中汞的释放

报道了鸭绿江河口区悬浮物中汞含量随潮态的变化，并通过实验模拟研究了鸭绿江下浮污染沉积物中汞在海水作用下的释放机理。结果表明，在河口区，高潮时悬浮物中汞含量低于低潮时的含量，其原因除了海水中氯离子对悬浮物中汞的络合作用以及碱金属和碱土金属离子的交换作用外，还由于悬浮沉积物中汞主要以有机物，腐殖酸结合态存在，碱性海水能溶解腐殖酸，从而导致与腐殖酸结合态汞的释放。     

Microbial diversity accumulates in a downstream direction in the Three Gorges Reservoir

Organic and inorganic materials migrate downstream and have important roles in regulating environmental health in the river networks. However, it remains unclear whether and how a mixture of materials (i.e., microbial species) from various upstream habitats contribute to microbial community coalescence upstream of a dam. Here we track the spatial variation in microbial abundance and diversity in the Three Gorges Reservoir based on quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing data. We further quantitatively assess the relative contributions of microbial species from mainstem, its tributaries, and the surrounding riverbank soils to the area immediately upstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). We found an increase of microbial diversity and the convergent microbial distribution pattern in areas immediately upstream of TGD, suggesting this area become a new confluence for microbial diversity immigrating from upstream. Indeed, the number of shared species increased from upstream to TGD but unique species decreased, indicating immigration of various sources of microbial species overwhelms local environmental conditions in structuring microbial community close to TGD. By quantifying the sources of microbial species close to TGD, we found little contribution from soils as compared to tributaries, especially for sites closer to TGD, suggesting tributary microbes have greater influence on microbial diversity and environmental health in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Collectively, our results suggest that tracking microbial geographic origin and evaluating accumulating effects of microbial diversity shed light on the ecological processes in microbial communities and provide information for regulating aquatic ecological health.     

白腐真菌菌丝球形成的物化条件及其对铅的吸附

为了探讨影响微生物菌丝球生长的物理化学因素和控制菌丝球大小的规律以及微生物吸附重金属的效果,对黄孢展齿革菌（Ｐｈａｎｅｒｏｃｈａｅｔｅｃｈｒｙｓｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ）呈球状体生长和用此菌丝球吸附水溶液中的Ｐｂ＾２＋进行了研究。