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61.
62.
Dune slack habitats are highly dependent on the availability of water to support flora and fauna. Typically this is provided
by shallow groundwater. This paper describes the seasonal and long term variation in groundwater levels in part of the Sefton
coastline between 1972 and 2007. The effects of climate change, vegetation management and coastline realignment on groundwater
levels are modelled. The observed annual water table levels rise and fall with an amplitude of 1.5 m, but longer term variations
and trends are apparent. A stochastic water balance model was used to describe the changes in water table levels in slack
floors in the open dunes and also in areas afforested with pine trees. It was found that the pine trees evaporated 214 mm/year
more than open dunes vegetation, resulting in the water table being 0.5–1.0 m lower under the trees than under the open dunes.
The effects of climate change on the ground water was simulated using predictions of future climate conditions based on the
UKCIP02 medium high emissions scenario. The increase in temperature and change in rainfall patterns will result in a decrease
in mean ground water levels by 1.0–1.5 mm in the next 90 years. Typical patterns consist of sequences of 5–10 years of low
water table levels interspersed by infrequent sequences consisting of 2–5 years of relatively high or “normal” levels. These
results indicate that that flora and fauna that cannot survive a 5–10 year period of water table levels >2.5 m below ground
level are unlikely to survive or persist in many slack areas and a change in the ecology of these slack may become inevitable.
Other effects of climate change include sea level rise which will result in a gradual rise in water table levels. Coastal
erosion will increase the water table gradient to the sea and result in a slight lowering of the ground water levels. Conversely
coastal accretion will reverse this process. The spatial distribution of coastal erosion and accretion along the Sefton coastline
and its likely impacts on groundwater levels are discussed. The modelling work described in this paper has identified the
factors which have the largest effect on groundwater levels in temperate coastal dune systems. 相似文献
63.
Analyses of ecological regime shifts primarily focus on abrupt, long-term and significant changes that trigger fundamental reorganisation in ecosystem structure and function. There remains limited empirical work on the relationship between regime shifts and social inequities, power imbalances, and social and environmental injustices. Inadequate attention to this social context restricts our ability to predict and avert impending regime shifts, or to effectively navigate where thresholds have been crossed. In this paper, we offer an initial empirical assessment of politics and power in two coastal lagoons in India and Vietnam experiencing abrupt change. We adopt a realist view of power to: (1) assess the social relations structuring human–environment interactions in both lagoons; (2) characterise the dominant framings and narratives that influence if and how regime shifts are understood; (3) consider who wins and loses if and when regime shifts and other forms of rapid environmental change take place; and (4) reflect on the implications of power and politics for the governance of regime shifts in linked human–ocean settings. 相似文献
64.
Derek Armitage Rob C. de Lo? Michelle Morris Tom W. D. Edwards Andrea K. Gerlak Roland I. Hall Dave Huitema Ray Ison David Livingstone Glen MacDonald Naho Mirumachi Ryan Plummer Brent B. Wolfe 《Ambio》2015,44(5):353-366
In this policy perspective, we outline several conditions to support effective science–policy interaction, with a particular emphasis on improving water governance in transboundary basins. Key conditions include (1) recognizing that science is a crucial but bounded input into water resource decision-making processes; (2) establishing conditions for collaboration and shared commitment among actors; (3) understanding that social or group-learning processes linked to science–policy interaction are enhanced through greater collaboration; (4) accepting that the collaborative production of knowledge about hydrological issues and associated socioeconomic change and institutional responses is essential to build legitimate decision-making processes; and (5) engaging boundary organizations and informal networks of scientists, policy makers, and civil society. We elaborate on these conditions with a diverse set of international examples drawn from a synthesis of our collective experiences in assessing the opportunities and constraints (including the role of power relations) related to governance for water in transboundary settings. 相似文献
65.
Nigel N. Clark Derek R. Johnson David L. McKain W. Scott Wayne Hailin Li Joseph Rudek 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2017,67(12):1328-1341
Today’s heavy-duty natural gas–fueled fleet is estimated to represent less than 2% of the total fleet. However, over the next couple of decades, predictions are that the percentage could grow to represent as much as 50%. Although fueling switching to natural gas could provide a climate benefit relative to diesel fuel, the potential for emissions of methane (a potent greenhouse gas) from natural gas–fueled vehicles has been identified as a concern. Since today’s heavy-duty natural gas–fueled fleet penetration is low, today’s total fleet-wide emissions will be also be low regardless of per vehicle emissions. However, predicted growth could result in a significant quantity of methane emissions. To evaluate this potential and identify effective options for minimizing emissions, future growth scenarios of heavy-duty natural gas–fueled vehicles, and compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas fueling stations that serve them, have been developed for 2035, when the populations could be significant. The scenarios rely on the most recent measurement campaign of the latest manufactured technology, equipment, and vehicles reported in a companion paper as well as projections of technology and practice advances. These “pump-to-wheels”(PTW) projections do not include methane emissions outside of the bounds of the vehicles and fuel stations themselves and should not be confused with a complete wells-to-wheels analysis. Stasis, high, medium, and low scenario PTW emissions projections for 2035 were 1.32%, 0.67%, 0.33%, and 0.15% of the fuel used. The scenarios highlight that a large emissions reductions could be realized with closed crankcase operation, improved best practices, and implementation of vent mitigation technologies. Recognition of the potential pathways for emissions reductions could further enhance the heavy-duty transportation sectors ability to reduce carbon emissions.
Implications: Newly collected pump-to-wheels methane emissions data for current natural gas technologies were combined with future market growth scenarios, estimated technology advancements, and best practices to examine the climate benefit of future fuel switching. The analysis indicates the necessary targets of efficiency, methane emissions, market penetration, and best practices necessary to enable a pathway for natural gas to reduce the carbon intensity of the heavy-duty transportation sector. 相似文献
66.
Tissue-specific congener composition of organohalogen and metabolite contaminants in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gebbink WA Sonne C Dietz R Kirkegaard M Riget FF Born EW Muir DC Letcher RJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,152(3):621-629
Congener patterns of the major organohalogen contaminant classes of PCBs, PBDEs and their metabolites and/or by-products (OH-PCBs, MeSO2-PCBs, OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) were examined in adipose tissue, liver, brain and blood of East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). PCB, OH-PCB, MeSO2-PCB and PBDE congener patterns showed significant differences (p相似文献
67.
Derek M. Oliver 《The Environmentalist》1985,5(3):171-178
Summary The private enterprise development of a series of disused gravel pits, situated just 20 miles from the centre of London, into an attractive and commercially viable theme park for leisure and recreation is described.
相似文献
68.
Meena Upadhyaya Bharat Jasani Elizabeth Little Peter S. Harper Derek Rees Adrian Roberts 《黑龙江环境通报》1987,7(2):119-127
A study of villus samples from eight random sites on five electively aborted chorion sacs was performed to determine any significant differences in yield, quality and composition of DNA, iduronate sulphate sulphatase activity and karyoptype status. The villi were also examined for their histological characteristics (e.g. stem, intermediate or terminal villi) and for HCG and BGP immuno-reactivities. The overall findings indicated no significant site to site variations in any of the parameters studied. It is therefore proposed that any villus should be equally suitable for prenatal diagnosis. 相似文献
69.
70.
Principal Biogeochemical Factors Affecting the Speciation And Transport of Mercury through the terrestrial environment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
It is increasingly becoming known that mercury transport and speciation in the terrestrial environment play major roles in methyl-mercury bioaccumulation potential in surface water. This review discusses the principal biogeochemical reactions affecting the transport and speciation of mercury in the terrestrial watershed. The issues presented are mercury-ligand formation, mercury adsorption/desorption, and elemental mercury reduction and volatilization. In terrestrial environments, OH–, Cl– and S– ions have the largest influence on ligand formation. Under oxidized surface soil conditions Hg(OH)2, HgCl2, HgOH+, HgS, and Hg0 are the predominant inorganic mercury forms. In reduced environments, common mercury forms are HgSH+, HgOHSH, and HgClSH. Many of these mercury forms are further bound to organic and inorganic ligands. Mercury adsorption to mineral and organic surfaces is mainly dictated by two factors: pH and dissolved ions. An increase in Cl– concentration and a decrease in pH can, together or separately, decrease mercury adsorption. Clay and organic soils have the highest capability of adsorbing mercury. Important parameters that increase abiotic inorganic mercury reduction are availability of electron donors, low redox potential, and sunlight intensity. Primary factors that increase volatilization are soil permeability and temperature. A decrease in mercury adsorption and an increase in soil moisture will also increase volatilization. The effect of climate on biogeochemical reactions in the terrestrial watershed indicates mercury speciation and transport to receiving water will vary on a regional basis. 相似文献