天津滨海盐碱湿地土壤种子库特征研究

对天津滨海新区典型盐碱湿地土壤种子库进行了研究。通过选取三个标准样地进行野外调查,采用种子萌发实验确定土壤种子库的活性、种类及数量;对土壤种子库的物种组成和数量、物种多样性指数、相似性指数及时空分布等特征进行分析,结果表明,滨海新区盐碱湿地土壤种子库共有26植物,种子库的密度在6809～30644粒/m2之间;种子库的生态优势度在0.51～0.81之间,多样性指数相对较低,其中Shannon-Wiener指数最高为1.78;土壤种子库与地面植被之间的相似性指数较低,最低为0.21;种子库的垂直分布特征较为明显,其中0～5cm层种子数量最多,种子数量层间差异显著或极显著;此外,还研究了土壤种子库萌发随时间变化的规律,得出其萌发数量随时间变化的曲线,为今后土壤种子库应用于植被恢复提供了参考。     

黑龙江省农业生态环境现状分析

根据指数计算分级方法,依据农业生态环境特点,建立指标体系。根据黑龙江省现状算出其农业生态环境质量指数,再进行指标等级评价分析。用定量方法了解黑龙江省农业生态环境现状。分析农业生态环境问题,提出解决措施,改善农业生态环境,保证黑龙江省农业可持续性发展。     

中国环境风险管理制度创新策略研究

中国当前总体环境污染形势严峻,环境与健康风险控制能力急待提高。建立环境风险管理制度是落实中国环境与健康科学发展观,提升环境管理水平的较好选择。立足中国国情,本文就中国建立环境风险管理制度的理念、对象、方法、体制、运行机制等若干细节性问题进行了深入探讨。     

大亚湾海域贝类PSP的季节性变化

2005～2006年间,在大亚湾海域进行贝类样品采集,共采集了61个贝类样品。首先用生物检测法对其进行了PSP的检测,然后挑选部分样品进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析,目的是研究大亚湾海域PSP的季节性变化规律和不同贝类品种间毒素含量的变化。结果表明:⑴对生物检测法,样品的PSP含量普遍较低,只有一个样品检出,检出值为163 Mu/100g;季节性变化较明显,主要出现在春季,其他季节未见分布;⑵样品的高效液相色谱检测结果表明,对12种PSP主要毒素成分进行检测发现12种毒素成分均存在于该海域;以牡蛎的四季的毒性值来考察,2005年春季2006年春季;而2005年:夏季秋季冬季春季。     

Methane emissions during storage of different treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people,animals and environment.In general,the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals,temperature,manure characteristics and so on.This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with different piling treatments.Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30,45,60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm.Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009.Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values.Subsequently,all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment.Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner.There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap.However,regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

珠江八大口门污染物浓度变化及成因分析

利用20 a来珠江八大口门入海污染物浓度的监测资料进行统计,分析了无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)、重金属(Hg、Cu、Pb、Cd)、石油类和COD的浓度年际间的变化,结果发现与生活污水相关的DIN、PO4-P浓度多年来呈不断上升趋势,而与工业污水密切相关的重金属和石油类则呈下降趋势,与工业和生活污染共同影响的COD呈先升后降的变化趋势.通过对多年枯水期、丰水期、平水期资料比较分析,发现污染物浓度没有集中在某一水期,分布上无一致规律.本文还就不同污染物浓度变化成因进行了分析.     

海上油田开发对海洋环境的影响——以涠洲油田为例

油田开发给人们带来重要能源和化工原料的同时,不可避免地会产生各种污染物,特别是海上石油的开发,由于其开发难度及事故风险较大,且环境管理与治理困难,往往更容易造成环境的污染.本文以涠洲油田为例,通过对油田的产污行为及其对油田周围环境的影响评价,揭示油田对水质、沉积物及生物的不利影响.结果显示由于生产水、泥浆钻屑、生活污水、落地原油等大量的排海,造成涠洲油田部分水质已出现石油类等轻微超标,沉积物在平台周边已有较明显的石油累积现象出现,底栖生物出现贝类和鱼类Pb超标,尤以贝类为甚.     

长白山林区刺五加开发的生态影响

文章通过对长白山林区的刺五加开采情况的野外调查,采用样带网格调查方法与对比分析方法,分析了刺五加开发对生态系统的主要影响,结果表明：（1）刺五加的开发对草本层和灌木层的物种丰富度都有影响;草本层物种丰富度,开发程度适中时最大,开发过度时最小,影响显著;而对灌木层的物种丰富度影响不显著。（2）刺五加的开发对草本层和灌木层的α多样性指数影响都不显著。（3）刺五加的开发对草本层和刺五加的生物量都有影响;草本层的生物量随开发程度的增大而减小,影响不显著;刺五加的生物量在开发中度时最大,开发重度时最小,影响显著。本研究在一定程度上可以为合理开发和保护刺五加提供理论依据。     

Multiple biomarker responses in caged benthic gastropods <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bellamya aeruginosa</Emphasis> after in situ exposure to Taihu Lake in China

Background

Freshwater sediments have been recognized as a long-term sink and potential source for environmental pollutants released into the aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the sediment quality of Taihu Lake, which is susceptible to anthropogenic contamination, was assessed by a combination of chemical analytical and biological end points. Specifically, the snail Bellamya aeruginosa was caged in situ at two locations representing different pollution levels for different exposure times (7, 14 and 21 days). At each of these time points, biochemical parameters, i.e., phase I biotransformation enzymes ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, reactive oxygen species, protein carbonyl content and lipid peroxidation, were evaluated in the hepatopancreas of snails. In addition, surface sediments were collected for analysis of contaminants of concern, including inorganic pollutants, organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

Results

Chemical analyses revealed that sediments from Taihu Lake were contaminated with trace elements and organic pollutants. Concentrations of trace elements (Cu, Ni and As) and organochlorinated pesticides (4,4′-DDE) exceeded their corresponding threshold effect level according to the sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems in Canada, indicating that adverse biological effects may occur. All biomarkers, except EROD activity, were induced in snails during all exposure times. The integrated biomarker response index (IBR) indicated that during the initial exposure phase (7 days), B. aeruginosa were subjected to significant environmental stress, which diminished during later sampling time points.

Conclusions

Results showed that IBR correlated well with the levels of environmental contaminants, demonstrating the applicability of this biomonitoring approach to complex environmental exposure scenarios.

     

Application of ion chromatography to the determination of water-soluble inorganic and organic ions in atmospheric aerosols

A simple, sensitive and convenient ion chromatography(IC) method was established for the simultaneous determination of twelve water-soluble inorganic anions(F^-, Cl^-, NO2^-, NO3^-, SO3^2-, SO4^2-, PO4^3- ), and fifteen water-soluble organic ions(formate, acetate, MSA, oxalate, malonate, succinate, phthalates, etc. ) in atmospheric aerosols. The linear concentrations ranged from 0.005 μg/m^3 to 500 μg/m^3 (r = 0.999--0.9999). The relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.43%--2.00% and the detection limits were from 2.7 ng/m^3 to 88 ng/m^3. The proposed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of those inorganic ions and organic ions in PM2.5 of Beijing.