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821.
Lauraine G. Chestnut Robin L. Dennis 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):395-402
The Acid Rain Provisions (Title IV) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 call for about a 10 million ton reduction in annual SO2 emissions in the United States. Although the provisions apply nationwide, most of the reduction will occur in the eastern half of the country, where use of high-sulfur coal for electricity generation is most common. One potentially large benefit of Title IV is the expected improvement in visibility conditions in the eastern United States due to the reductions in secondary sul-fate aerosols. This paper combines available economic estimates of willingness to pay for improvements in visibility with current estimates of the difference between expected visibility conditions in the eastern United States with and without Title I V, to estimate the expected visibility benefits of Title IV. The results suggest an annual value of $2.3 billion (in 1994 dollars) in the year 2010, as a result of visibility improvements due to Title IV in residential areas of the eastern United States. The results also suggest a possible additional annual value for eastern U.S. residents of as much as $1-2 billion for visibility improvements at national parks in the Southeast. 相似文献
822.
A. G. Blasewitz B. F. Judson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):223-229
Abstract An ozone (O3) exposure assessment study was conducted in Toronto, Ontario, Canada during the winter and summer of 1992. A new passive O3 sampler developed by Harvard was used to measure indoor, outdoor, and personal O3 concentrations. Measurements were taken weekly and daily during the winter and summer, respectively. Indoor samples were collected at a total of 50 homes and workplaces of study participants. Outdoor O3 concentrations were measured both at home sites using the passive sampler and at 20 ambient monitoring sites with continuous monitors. Personal O3 measurements were collected from 123 participants, who also completed detailed time-activity diaries. A total of 2,274 O3 samples were collected. In addition, weekly air exchange rates of homes were measured. This study demonstrates the performance of our O3 sampler for exposure assessment. The data obtained are further used to examine the relationships between personal, indoor (home and workplace), and outdoor O3 concentrations, and to investigate outdoor and indoor spatial variations in O3 concentrations. Based on home outdoor and indoor, workplace, and ambient O3 concentrations measured at the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) sites, the traditional microenvironmental model predicts 72% of the variability in measured personal exposures. An alternative personal O3 exposure model based on outdoor measurements and time-activity information is able to predict the mean personal exposures in a large population, with the highest R2 value of 0.41. 相似文献
823.
S. Montalvo L. Guerrero R. Borja I. Cortés E. Sánchez M. F. Colmenarejo 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):437-442
A study of the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters derived from red (RWWW) and tropical fruit wine (TFWWW) production was carried out in four laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactors with natural zeolite as bacterial support. These reactors operated at mesophilic temperature (35°C). Reactors R1 and R2 contained Chilean natural zeolite, while reactors R3 and R4 used Cuban natural zeolite as microorganism support. In addition, reactors R1 and R3 processed RWWW, while reactors R2 and R4 used TFWWW as substrate. The biomass concentration attached to zeolites in the four reactors studied was found to be in the range of 44–46 g volatile solids (VS)/L after 90 days of operation time. Both types of zeolites can be used indistinctly in the fluidized bed reactors achieving more than 80%–86% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals for organic loading rates (OLR) of up to at least 20 g COD/L d. pH values remained within the optimal range for anaerobic microorganisms for OLR values of up to 20 and 22 g COD/L d for RWWW and TFWWW, respectively. Toxicity and inhibition levels were observed at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d in reactors R1 and R3 while processing RWWW, whereas the aforementioned inhibitory phenomena were not observed at an OLR of 24 g COD/L d in R2 and R4, treating TFWWW as a consequence of the lower phenolic compound content present in this substrate. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels were always lower in reactors processing TFWWW (R2 and R4) and these values (< 400 mg/L, as acetic acid) were lower than the suggested limits for digester failure. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was twice as high in reactors R2 and R4 than in R1 and R3 after 120 days of operation when all reactors operated at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d. 相似文献
824.
Przemysław Niedzielski Marek Siwulski Monika Gąsecka Lidia Kozak Iwona Rissmann 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(12):929-937
The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of supplementation with inorganic forms of selenium (Na2SeO4 and Na2SeO3) in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 mM of three medicinal mushroom species: Agrocybe aegerita, Hericium erinaceus and Ganoderma lucidum. Tested mushroom species grew in Se additions of 0–0.6 mM (A. aegerita and H. erinaceus), while growth of G. lucidum bodies was observed for 0–0.8 mM. For the latter mushroom species, the total Se content was the highest. Content of Seorg was diverse; for control bodies it was the highest for G. lucidum (only organic forms were present), lower for A. aegerita (84% organic forms) and the lowest for H. erinaceus (56% organic forms). Accumulation of Se(IV) was generally significantly higher than Se(VI) for all tested mushroom species. There was no significant decrease of A. aegerita or G. lucidum biomass with the exception of G. lucidum bodies growing under 0.8 mM of Se species addition (15.51 ± 6.53 g). Biomass of H. erinaceus bodies was the highest under 0.2 (197.04 ± 8.73 g), control (191.80 ± 6.06 g) and 0.1 mM (185.04 ± 8.73 g) of both inorganic salts. The addition to the medium of Se salts brought about macroscopic changes in the fruiting bodies of the examined mushrooms. Concentrations exceeding 0.4 mM caused diminution of carpophores or even their total absence. In addition, colour changes of fruiting bodies were also recorded. At Se concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 mM, A. aegerita fruiting bodies were distinctly lighter and those of H. erinaceus changed colour from purely white to white-pink. 相似文献
825.
826.
Eric G. Walther 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):352-355
The available national annual air pollution emissions are based on mass. Different air pollutants have greatly different toxicities per unit mass, hence the emissions should be rated by effect, not by mass, so that more sensible priorities can be set in control research and regulation. Effect factors are derived from the health effect literature indirectly by using the national ambient air quality standards. The resulting analysis by effects shows transportation to be still the largest source as it is in the mass analysis while hydrocarbons become the largest pollutants by effect compared to carbon monoxide being the largest pollutant by mass. 相似文献
827.
G. Van Houte B. Delmon J.C. Maon Ph. Dumont 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1030-1033
This publication concerns the dry removal of SO2 from gases using limestone absorbents. It reports bench-scale experiments made with commercial samples of powdered limestone (CaCO3) activated by addition of a cheap substance, namely CaCl2. The absorption was carried out in a fluidized bed traversed by the flue gases, between 600° and 900° C. The degree and rate of transformation of CaCO3 to CaSO4 in the presence of SO2 and air have been compared for unmodified and modified absorbents. Initial rates of reaction, and the variation of the rate of absorption with time have been measured. The influence of the SO2 content of the gas has been assessed. At 700° C, the maximum degree of transformation of activated limestone to sulfate exceeds 90%, whereas untreated CaCO3 transforms only to 16–20%. At the same temperature, more than 90% of SO2 contained In a gas carrying 0.35% SO2 is removed. Because of the much smaller quantity of solid absorbent required, dry absorption processes based on the modified absorbents might get renewed interest. The modified absorbents might also be used for in situ absorption in fluidized bed combustion, in which the temperatures are in the range studied in the present paper. 相似文献
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829.
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