Resolving People-Park Conflicts through Negotiation: Reflections on the Richtersveld Experience

Protected areas in developing countries play a vital role in promoting the ideal of sustainable development.But 'people-park'conflicts are commonplace,threatening the future of these areas and the long term well-being of local communities. Surprisingly, little attention has been given to applying lessons learned in conflict studies to people-parkconflicts. In contrast to traditional adversarialresponses, negotiated approaches offer considerable potential for transforming people-park conflicts into mutually beneficial relationships.Experiencesin the Richtersveldregion of South Africa demonstrate the cardinal role negotiation can play in addressing key issues underlying people-park conflicts.     

Risky health and safety habits related to perceived value of the future

Risk homeostasis theory postulates that people accept a specific level (target level) of risk in a given activity in return for benefits accruing from that activity. It follows that, if people expect a great deal from the future, the less likely they are to jeopardise it by taking risks in respect of their health and safety. One effective method for reducing target level of risk are incentives, and the available literature contains ample evidence of the effectiveness of incentives programmes in accident prevention. As incentives essentially imply an enhanced quality of life in the future, the question arises as to how expectations of the future may be related to health and safety habits. In order to explore the relationship between perceived value of the future and health and safety habits, an analysis of the psychological literature on individual differences in future time orientation/perspective is presented. Four factors are identified: (1) clear ideation of the future, (2) active planning for the future, (3) time pressure, and (4) optimistic expectations about events outside one's own control. It is hypothesised that factors (1) and (2) are associated with positive health and safety habits, while factors (3) and (4) may characterise individuals with relatively high target levels of physical risk. Research questions and procedures for the study of these relationships are discussed.     

Coping with riverbank erosion hazard and displacement in bangladesh: survival strategies and adjustments

As a deltaic plain, Bangladesh annually experiences riverbank erosion hazard due to sudden and rapid channel shifting, particularly in the major floodplain areas of the country. Consequently, valuable cultivable land is lost; also village settlements, markets and towns are destroyed, displacing tens of thousands of people. This paper examines the magnitude of river channel migration and encroachment on land, and the nature of human adjustment systems in the Brahmaputra–Jamuna floodplain, by investigating aspects of the social and cultural dynamics of resettlement of the displaced people. Some policy measures are recommended to improve the ability of the people in the floodplain to cope with these hazards.     

The role of socio-economic data in food needs assessment and monitoring

This paper reviews six case studies examined as part of a project to review targetting methodologies employed by non-government organisations in Africa during the 1984-6 food crisis. Most agencies have not yet fully evaluated the role of data in informing policy decisions during their respective emergency programmes. The case studies presented reflect a wide variety of approaches to targetting emergency food aid that are based largely on the use of 'socio-economic' data. The recent emergency relief operations in Africa seem to indicate a change in relief agencies' approaches to the assessment and monitoring of needs of the affected populations. Earlier dependance on nutritional data has given way to an increasing reliance on the use of socio-economic indicators. There was a wide variation in the case studies of the type of indicators collected and utilised in needs assessment and monitoring. There were those who relied almost exclusively on nutritional data to target resources during the 1984-86 African crisis, and others whose experiences during that period lead them to attach more weight to socio-economic data. Other agencies appear to have recognised the problems of relying solely on nutritional data to target food aid during their 1984–86 emergency programmes, and thus more or less abandoned classical anthropometric surveys in their needs assessment and monitoring methodologies during this period. Thus nutritional data has a less significant role in the decision making process than previously had been the case.     

Vertical profiles of bacterial abundance,productivity and growth rates in coastal sediments of the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon

Vertical patterns of bacterial densities, productivity and specific growth rates in coastal muds, quartz sands and muddy sands of the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon were examined in summer (February) and autumn (May) 1988. Variations in these parameters with station location, sediment depth and season were complex, exhibiting significant main and interaction effects in most instances. Some trends were apparent despite the large and complex variations. Bacterial densities did not vary seasonally, ranging from 2.9 to 38.1×10⁹ cells g^-1 dry wt, averaged over sediment depth (0 to 20 cm) and seasons. Trend analysis revealed that densities decreased with increasing sediment depth. Bacterial production (tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA) was high, ranging from 0.4 to 5.7 gCm^-2 d^-1 (integrated over 10 cm depth), as were specific growth rates (grand mean, =0.25 d^-1; range=0.004 to 1.3 d^-1). Both were generally higher in summer than in autumn. Vertical profiles of productivity and specific growth rates revealed actively growing bacterial assemblages down to 20 cm depth. Factors which may account for these very abundant and productive communities are: (1) subsurface accumulations of detritus exported from adjacent mangrove forests, and (2) physical disturbance from tidal scouring and severe climate (e.g. cyclones, wet-season floods). Disturbance events occur frequently enough to inhibit the development of highly sulphidic conditions, but stimulate production of bacterial types (aerobes, fermenters) capable of incorporating labelled thymidine into their DNA.     

Selective predation on mature male Byblis japonicus (amphipoda: Gammaridea) by the barface cardinalfish,Apogon semilineatus

Ontogenetic change of habitat depths of Nautilus pompilius in the Philippines (Tañon Strait) and Fiji is considered by comparing ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios in septa and cameral fluid of live-caught specimens and ambient sea-water. ¹⁸O values of cameral liquid become heavier with decreasing volume within a chamber, which may be due to isotopic fractionation during discharge across the siphuncular wall. All of the seven Philippine and Fiji specimens analyzed show a distinct change in ¹⁸O from light values in the first seven septa to heavier values in the succeeding septa. Two different isotopic temperature scales are obtained for the Fiji and Philippine populations, suggesting a differential vital effect of metabolism between them. Sightly light ¹⁸O values in Septa 1 to 7 and hatching at relatively high temperatures in aquaria both suggest that N. pompilius hatch at the shallowest depths within their inhabitable vertical range. Depths of postembryonic animals in the Philippines and Fiji waters estimated from the isotopic temperature-depth diagrams range from 120 to 160 m and from 440 to 520 m, respectively, both of which correlate well with capture records. More than several tens of small-scale ¹⁸O cycles are detected in the sequence of nacreous layers within the single septum of a submature Philippine specimen. This can be interpreted as reflecting daily vertical migration.