纳米材料职业安全领域风险管理策略与措施

随着纳米材料的广泛应用,相关工作人员面临的潜在风险逐渐引起社会的重视。从监管角度看,纳米材料职业安全成为一个主要问题。本文参考奥地利科学院技术评估研究所出版的文章,概述了健康风险、检测和测量方法修订、工作场所评估等重要论题及权威机构和工业界已有的对工人安全和预防保健方面的建议。同时也介绍了我国开展的相关标准制定及研究、重要纳米材料的生物效应与安全性评价等基础性工作,以期为我国纳米材料职业安全的监管和评估提供参考。     

解读《温室气体自愿减排交易管理暂行办法》

本文对发改委颁布的（《温室气体自愿减排交易管理暂行办法》进行了解读、分析其特点并指出尚需进一步解决的问题。     

Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study1

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003 Abstract: Fluctuations in water submersion of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China have not been explored in spite of their important implications for shoreline erosion and other undesirable consequences. This article aims to quantify the monthly fluctuations in response to changing hydraulic parameters and regional climatic factors. Flow velocity and water levels distributed along the 609‐km long dammed river reservoir are calculated with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamics model. Evaporation of water from the surface of the reservoir is determined using mass transfer‐based methods. Calculated flow velocities and water levels compare well with field data. We show that the water surface slope decreases with rising water level at the dam, and decreases to almost zero during the winter months of water storage when the downstream water level reaches the normal pool level. The submersion area varies between 830 and 1,070 km² over the year or over 20% of the reservoir zone will experience the annual cycle of dry land and partial or complete submersion. These fluctuations are of relevance to shoreline management and to the prevention and restoration of shoreline erosion. Evaporation is estimated to fluctuate between 1,240 and 26,110 tons of water per month per kilometer length of reservoir channel; this can possibly affect the hydrological budget of the reservoir region. The simple methodologies discussed in this article can easily be applied to other dammed river reservoirs for submersion estimates.     

油气管道工程施工期职业病危害因素识别与分析

通过现场调查、工程分析,对油气田管道工程施工主要工艺环节、施工期间生产环境和劳动过程中存在的职业病危害因素进行识别,并从工程技术、职业卫生管理、个人防护和应急救援方面提出相应的防护措施,对保护管道施工期间劳动者健康具有重要意义。     

高速铁路牵引回流对信号电缆的电磁影响测试与分析

近年来我国高速铁路运营速度不断提高,牵引供电系统对信号系统的电磁影响问题也相应加剧。以牵引回流对信号电缆产生的电磁影响为对象,分析并计算了高速铁路牵引回流在信号电缆上产生的纵向感应电动势,结合对大量实测数据的统计和总结,分析了列车正常运行与特殊工况下牵引回流对信号电缆产生的电磁影响,以及不同条件下信号电缆感应电动势的特性关系。     

行为控制方法在煤矿放炮事故预防中的应用研究

我国煤炭行业事故频发,而人的不安全动作引起了88％的事故,因此,运用行为控制方法来约束人的不安全动作对于减少煤矿事故有着重要意义。以煤矿放炮员不安全动作为统计指标,对我国2000—2011年41起煤矿重特大放炮事故进行统计,得到16种、48个不安全放炮动作。进一步分析,发现造成这些不安全动作的原因集中在放炮员安全知识、意识、习惯,组织安全管理体系,以及组织安全文化这三方面。根据这些原因提出了系统的行为控制方法,给出了放炮员不安全动作的综合解决对策,这样企业便采取了从安全文化到放炮员不安全动作的一整套行为控制措施,从而可以有效预防煤矿放炮员的不安全动作,减少煤矿企业放炮事故的发生。     

Assessing Sediment Yield for Selected Watersheds in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin Under Future Agricultural Scenarios

In the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin (GLB), corn acreage has been expanding since 2005 in response to high demand for corn as an ethanol feedstock. This study integrated remote sensing-derived products and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) within a geographic information system (GIS) modeling environment to assess the impacts of cropland change on sediment yield within four selected watersheds in the GLB. The SWAT models were calibrated during a 6 year period (2000–2005), and predicted stream flows were validated. The R ² values were 0.76, 0.80, 0.72, and 0.81 for the St. Joseph River, the St. Mary River, the Peshtigo River, and the Cattaraugus Creek watersheds, respectively. The corresponding E (Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient) values ranged from 0.24 to 0.79. The average annual sediment yields (tons/ha/year) ranged from 0.12 to 4.44 for the baseline (2000 to 2008) condition. Sediment yields were predicted to increase for possible future cropland change scenarios. The first scenario was to convert all “other” agricultural row crop types (i.e., sorghum) to corn fields and switch the current/baseline crop rotation into continuous corn. The average annual sediment yields increased 7–42 % for different watersheds. The second scenario was to further expand the corn planting to hay/pasture fields. The average annual sediment yields increased 33–127 % compared with baseline conditions.     

安全科学名词含义的研究方法及"安全"的含义解析

安全科学是发展中的学科,其科学名词含义争议较大,对安全实务构成较大影响,本文提出一种从国际标准化组织建立的开放浏览平台(OBP)上查阅、统计、分析安全学科名词含义的研究方法,并应用此方法分析得到"安全"含义.研究表明:安全科学中系统、组织、危险源、风险、安全等基本安全名词都已经有认可度非常高的定义,而事件、事故的定义不明确,需要重新明确;"安全是风险可接受的状态"是认可度很高的安全定义,但实用有难度,在明确定义事故的基础上,将"安全"表达为"没有事故的状态"则利于安全实务.因此,利用国际标准化组织的开放浏览平台研究安全科学名词的含义是一种可得到较高认可度的安全科学名词含义的研究方法.     

小尺寸铜铟镓硒光伏电池火反应行为的试验研究

用于光伏建筑一体化的铜铟镓硒光伏电池热稳定性差,一旦建筑物发生火灾,受火作用下,铜铟镓硒电池材料的可燃性会增加建筑物自身的火灾载荷,这会加剧建筑物火灾的蔓延.基于此研究了小尺寸铜铟镓硒光伏电池在不同点火源作用下的受火反应行为.以200 mL及500 mL酒精池火作为辐射热源,分析了铜铟镓硒电池在受到不同大小热辐射后的热解和阴燃特性;以酒精火焰作为点火源,分析了电池接触明火后的着火温度、火焰温度及质量损失速率.结果 表明:当小尺寸铜铟镓硒光伏电池板所受的热辐射小于等于6.15 kW/m2时,温度达到232℃开始热解,阴燃期间电池迎火面温度可达662℃;在明火作用下,小尺寸铜铟镓硒电池板在表面温度达到254℃可以被引燃,10 cm高度火焰温度可达694℃,质量损失速率最大为0.45 g/s.     

物理隔离条件下非机动车间干扰特征及影响因素研究

为提升非机动车间的行驶安全性及道路通行效率,亟须探究非机动车间干扰的影响因素并提出规避措施.以成都市内两条物理隔离式非机动车道8 h视频共3 971条非机动车间干扰数据为基础,界定了 7种非机动车间干扰类型,利用Z检验并构建多项式Logit模型,确定了影响各种非机动车间干扰的影响因素,据此提出相应的规避措施.结果表明,周期交通量、干扰发生地点、路边停车、行人过街、干扰发生时段、车辆类型、车辆载人情况、车辆载物情况对于非机动车间干扰产生具有不同程度的影响.在此基础上,从人-车-环境角度,提出道路重新规划、加强骑行人安全教育、增加道路设施、规范车辆出行4个方面的规避措施.