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941.
In 1999 China adopted the "Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program" (CCFGP), a nationwide ecological recovery program, to minimize wide-scale soil erosion and vegetation degradation in China, as well as to improve water budgeting results. In the 10 yr since implementation, the CCFGP has resulted in the recovery and reforestation of >100,000 km of cropland and bare land, though the quantitative effect of this program on catchment water budget is not entirely clear. Therefore, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to evaluate and quantify the effects of the CCFGP on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment, a tributary of the Yellow River covering the central region of the Loess Plateau. Our results indicated that precipitation had dropped by 12.0% from the 1970s (611.6 mm) to the 2000s (538 mm) and that there was a corresponding 25.2% decrease in humidity index from 0.48 to 0.36. Before the CCFGP's implementation, forest and grassland had been decreasing, while bare land, cropland, and shrub land had been increasing. After the implementation of the CCFGP, the opposite trend was observed. Moreover, streamflow increased by about 15 and 20% for the upstream and middle stream subbasins, respectively, while soil water content also showed an obvious increase. Over the same period, evapotranspiration decreased by 5.2 and 13.5 mm and runoff decreased by 37.5 and 38.6% in the two subbasins. The same trends were obtained in the downstream subbasin, where changes were even greater. As a result of the reduced runoff and evapotranspiration, utilization of water resources was more efficient and ecological environment was improved under the CCFGP policy. Our results indicate the CCFGP resulted in a favorable ecological impact and should therefore be maintained. 相似文献
942.
Degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by microscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) was investigated in batch systems with or without organic ligands (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid) at pHs from 3.5 to 7.5. The results demonstrated that at 25°C, the dechlorination of CT by microscale ZVI is slow in the absence of organic ligands, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0217 h(-1) at pH 3.5 and being further dropped to 0.0052 h(-1) at pH 7.5. However, addition of organic ligands significantly enhanced the rates and the extents of CT removal, as indicated by the rate constant increases of 39, 31, 32, 28 and 18 times in the presence of EDTA, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid, respectively, at pH 3.5 and 25°C. The effect of EDTA was most significant; the dechlorination of CT at an initial concentration of 20 mg l(-1) increased from 16.3% (no ligands) to 89.1% (with EDTA) at the end of 8h reaction. The enhanced CT degradation in the presence of organic ligands was primarily attributed to the elimination of a surface passivation layer of Fe(III) (hydr)oxides on the microscale ZVI through chelating of organic ligands with Fe(III), which maintained the exposure of active sites on ZVI surface to CT. 相似文献
943.
Numerical simulation for impacts of hydrodynamic conditions on algae growth in Chongqing Section of Jialing River, China 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Hydrodynamic conditions are important factors for planktonic algae growth, through introducing two parameters which express the optimal velocity and the velocity range for planktonic algae growth, a new velocity factor was put forward for the formula of growth rate. Therefore, the two-dimensional unsteady ecological dynamic model for algae growth was established to analyze the effects of hydrodynamic conditions on algae growth in Chongqing Reach of Jialing River in China. The temporal and spatial distribution of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration was simulated numerically for various water levels, under climate conditions in period of high frequency for algae blooms of Three Gorges Reservoir and nutrition status at present in the research reach. The corresponding locations and areas of likely algae blooms were analyzed and forecasted. The results showed that about 0.04 m s−1 was the optimal velocity for algae growth, and the occurrence of algae blooms in large scale is almost impossible because of relatively high water flow velocity for Jialing River. 相似文献
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946.
Deming Dong Zhiyong Guo Xiuyi Hua Ying Lan Jinting Zhou Xiaoou Ding Qianqian Qiao 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(3):361-367
The sorption by solid materials is one of the most important processes that affect the fate of hydrophobic organic pollutants
in aquatic systems. Current studies focus on the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants by single natural solid material, whereas
few studies compared the sorption behaviors of different solids. Furthermore, natural aquatic environment is a complex system
where hydrophobic pollutants coexist with many other pollutants, but only limited studies reported the effects of coexisting
components on the sorption. Here we studied the sorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) by three common solids
in natural water, i.e., biofilms, suspended particles and sediments. The effects of typical coexisting heavy metals on the
sorption were also examined. The results show that the sorption is described by a dual-mode sorption model. Compared with
sediments, more DDTs were sorbed by biofilms and suspended particles. Coexisting Pb, Cd and Cu increased the sorption of DDTs
on sediments while decreasing the sorption on biofilms slightly, with little effect on the sorption on suspended particles.
The different sorption behaviors of the solids were mainly determined by the composition of the solids: more organics were
observed in biofilms and suspended particles. 相似文献
947.
采集了东平湖13个主要监测点的底泥,测定、分析了东平湖底泥中的部分重金属质量比及形态分布,并对底泥重金属污染现状进行评价.结果显示,底泥中4种重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd的质量比分别为84.55~161.82 mg/kg、12.77~30.68 mg/kg、30.64~69.26mg/kg、3.51~16.98mg/kg.运用潜在生态危害评价对底泥中重金属的质量比进行评价,结果表明,Cd污染最严重,13个采样点的潜在生态危害系数均高于320,属于极强生态危害;Cu、Zn、Pb的潜在生态危害系数均低于40,属于轻微生态危害.4种金属污染由大到小的顺序为Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn.东平湖底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb的形态以残渣态为主,因而重金属在底泥中的稳定性高,Cd酸溶态含量较高,容易释放到水体,造成二次污染. 相似文献
948.
长株潭城市群核心区土地利用生态风险评价 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
随着长株潭城市群的快速发展,人类活动导致的土地利用结构及方式改变对生态环境构成了巨大压力。运用G IS和景观生态学方法的土地利用生态风险评价,以长株潭城市群核心区为研究区域,选择湘江岸线为典型样带,建立了基于源与汇景观功能的土地利用生态风险评价指标体系,并构建了评价模型,对生态风险进行了空间分析和综合评价。结果表明,长沙市建成区的土地利用生态风险指数整体最高,株洲和湘潭居次。其中,从城市群建成区向外,风险指数逐渐降低,长沙、株洲、湘潭三市交界处生态风险指数也较低。根据研究区域生态风险状况、变化和分布特征,提出了相应的风险调控策略和管理方法,为实现区域土地利用与生态、社会、经济的可持续发展提供决策依据。 相似文献
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