污泥淤砂分离器再分离溢流污泥

研究了污泥淤砂分离器对分离原污泥所得的溢流污泥进行再分离时,分离器的分离效果和分离分流污泥的性质。实验结果表明,污泥淤砂分离器对溢流污泥进行再分离时,分离器的除砂效率为34.5%,分离度为1.60,与分离原污泥时相比,分离器的分离性能降低;分离得到的溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值为0.406,仅比进料污泥增加了2.2%,未能进一步提高溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比值;分离得到的底流污泥浓度MLSS为16.81 g/L,仅为原污泥浓度的1.4倍,底流污泥SVI、CST分别为45.7 mL/g和1.37 s·L/g SS,与原污泥相比仅分别减小了9.3%和2.7%,溢流污泥再分离,会降低底流污泥的浓缩效果,降低底流污泥沉降性能、脱水性能的提高幅度,不利于底流污泥的处理处置。     

排口比对污泥淤砂分离器分离效能的影响

污泥淤砂分离器是一种能够使活性污泥中污泥有机质与淤砂分离的设备。为了实现污泥淤砂分离器的结构优化,重点探讨了污泥淤砂分离器最重要的结构参数-排口比K(底流口直径Du与溢流口直径Do之比)对污泥淤砂分离器分离效能的影响。实验结果表明,在排口比从0.32增加到1.0的过程中,分离器处理能力Qi基本保持不变,分流比S、分离效率η和底流污泥ρ(MLVSS)/ρ(MLSS)分别从0.084、24.7%和0.21增加到0.338、41.1%和0.33.4;污泥有机质富集率FMLVSS和淤砂富集率FMLISS分别从1.95和1.35减小到1.22和1.12。富集除砂所需要的K和分离器获得较高的除砂效率η时所需K不一致。污泥淤砂分离器排口比K设计为0.4~0.6时,能够获得较高的分离效率,并实现淤砂的富集排放。     

华北某油田石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性

以石油为唯一碳源,从华北某油田污染土壤中筛选出石油降解菌12株。其中5株菌有较强降解能力,分别编号为z-3、z-6、z-7、z-8和z-b,在30℃,160 r/min摇床培养10 d后,菌株对石油降解率分别为63.8%、34.2%、44.8%、50.5%和42.3%。通过生理生化和分子生物学鉴定,确定这5株菌分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)。通过对这5株菌生物量、脱氢酶及邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶活性的监测,发现生物量及酶活性与石油降解能力具有直接关系。最后,对5株菌的生长条件进行优化,其中z-3、z-6、z-7和z-b菌株对石油降解率较优化前提高10%左右。     

广东省道路交通噪声预测统计模型

为了建立符合广东省的道路交通噪声预测模型,在国内学者相关研究成果的基础上,对FHWA模型进行了深入分析,并根据道路交通噪声预测模型原理,引入等效车流量等概念建立了理论噪声预测统计模型。在此基础上,对广东省市政路和高速路的交通噪声实测数据进行多元线性回归分析,确定广东省交通噪声预测统计模型。经验证,在广东省交通噪声预测评价中该模型预测精度非常高。该研究思路与方法值得在全国各地区处理交通噪声环境问题的工作中加以推广与应用。     

A copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning method: An application to the city of Regina,Saskatchewan, Canada

This study proposes a copula-based chance-constrained waste management planning (CCWMP) method. The method can effectively reflect the interactions between random parameters of the waste management planning systems, and thus can help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. In particular, a joint distribution function is established using preestimated marginal distributions of random variables and an optimal copula selected from widely used Gaussian, Student’s t, Clayton, Frank, Gumbel, and Ali-Mikhail-Haq copulas. Then a set of joint probabilistic constraints in the chance-constrained programming problems is converted into individual probabilistic constraints using the joint distribution function. Further, this method is applied to residential solid waste management in the city of Regina in Canada for demonstrating its applicability. Nine scenarios based on different joint and marginal probability levels are considered within a multiperiod and multizone context to effectively reflect dynamic, uncertain, and interactive characteristics of the solid waste management systems in the city. The results provide many decision alternatives under these scenarios, including cost-effective and environmentally friendly decision schemes. Moreover, the results indicate that even though the effect of the joint probability levels on the system costs is more significant than that of the marginal probability levels, the effect of marginal probability levels is notable, and there exists a trade-off between the total system cost and the constraint-violation risk. Therefore, the results obtained from the present study would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning and formulate local policies and regulation concerning the city’s waste generation and management.Implications: The CCWMP method not only can solve chance-constrained problems with unknown probability distributions of random variables in the right-hand sides of constraints, but also can effectively reflect the interactions between the random parameters and thus help analyze the influences of their interactions on the entire systems. The results obtained through applying this method to the city of Regina in Canada can provide many decision alternatives under different joint probability levels and marginal probability levels, and would be useful to support the city’s long-term solid waste management planning.     

Effects of bulking agent addition on odorous compounds emissions during composting of OFMSW

The effects of rice straw addition level on odorous compounds emissions in a pilot-scale organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) composting plant were investigated. The cumulative odorous compounds emissions occurred in a descending order of 40.22, 28.71 and 27.83 mg/dry kg of OFMSW for piles with rice straw addition level at ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and 3:10 (mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW on a wet basis), respectively. The mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW had a statistically significant effect on the reduction of malodorous sulfur compounds emissions, which had no statistically significant effect on the reduction of VFAs, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics and ammonia emissions during composting, respectively. The cumulative emissions of malodorous sulfur compounds from piles with the increasing rice straw addition level were 1.17, 1.08 and 0.88 mg/dry kg of OFMSW, respectively. The optimal mixing ratio of rice straw to OFMSW was 1:5. Using this addition level, the cumulative malodorous sulfur compounds emissions based on the organic matter degradation were the lowest during composting of OFMSW.     

生态文明建设与再生资源产业

党的十八大将生态文明建设提升到五位一体总体布局的战略高度,要求把生态文明建设放在突出地位,融入经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设各方面和全过程。从人类文明转型的高度,分析了推进生态文明建设的历史必然性,探寻了再生资源产业与生态文明建设间的内在联系,剖析了再生资源产业的典型特征,并对生态文明建设与再生资源产业的未来发展进行了展望.     

金属铁铝对混凝强化初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响

选取FeCl3和AlCl2·6H2O作为混凝剂对城市污水进行一级强化混凝处理,降低二级生物处理的进水负荷,减少污水生物处理系统的能量消耗。主要研究混凝过程投加的金属盐对一级强化混凝产生的初沉污泥中温厌氧消化的影响。和剩余污泥相比,初沉污泥更适合厌氧消化处理,污泥降解性能和产气性能更高。当采用城市污水一级强化混凝处理时,污泥中的金属和金属盐水解引起的pH降低,使混凝强化初沉污泥的厌氧消化受到一定抑制。随着污泥中铝含量的降低和铁含量的增加,厌氧消化的COD降解率和挥发性固体（Vs）降解率逐渐升高,生物气产量逐渐增大,产气速率加快。当混凝强化初沉污泥只含有铁时（铁含量为10．16mg／L）,混凝强化初沉污泥厌氧消化效果最好,产气稳定,而且产气速率高,生物气产量为237mL,生物气甲烷含量为55．5％,降解单位Vs产气量为0．80L／g,均高于其他含铝的混凝强化初沉污泥。污泥中的铁对初沉污泥厌氧消化的抑制作用远远小于铝的作用,说明铁盐适合用于城市污水的一级强化混凝处理。     

不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体

采用菌剂挂膜,活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔,考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H2s恶臭气体的影响。结果表明,当进气H2S浓度为5mg／m3时,菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H2s浓度分别为15．7～17．4、11．6～14．8和15．0～15．9μg／m3;塔内压降分别为3—4mm水柱、6mm水柱和4—5mm水柱;喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17mg／L,硫的转化率分别为45％、60％和50％。当进气H2S浓度增大至7mg／m3时,3个塔经过7d的调整后,均能达到稳定状态,稳定后3个塔中出气H2s浓度和压降基本没变,喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30mg／L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H2s的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

Process analysis of a regional air pollution episode over Pearl River Delta Region,China, using the MM5-CMAQ model

This study focuses on the influences of a warm high-pressure meteorological system on aerosol pollutants, employing the simulations by the Models-3/CMAQ system and the observations collected during October 10–12, 2004, over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The results show that the spatial distributions of air pollutants are generally circular near Guangzhou and Foshan, which are cities with high emissions rates. The primary pollutant is particulate matter (PM) over the PRD. MM5 shows reasonable performance for major meteorological variables (i.e., temperature, relative humidity, wind direction) with normalized mean biases (NMB) of 4.5–38.8% and for their time series. CMAQ can capture one peak of all air pollutant concentrations on October 11, but misses other peaks. The CMAQ model systematically underpredicts the mass concentrations of all air pollutants. Compared with chemical observations, SO₂ and O₃ are predicted well with a correlation coefficient of 0.70 and 0.65. PM_2.5 and NO are significantly underpredicted with an NMB of 43% and 90%, respectively. The process analysis results show that the emission, dry deposition, horizontal transport, and vertical transport are four main processes affecting air pollutants. The contributions of each physical process are different for the various pollutants. The most important process for PM₁₀ is dry deposition, and for NO_x it is transport. The contributions of horizontal and vertical transport processes vary during the period, but these two processes mostly contribute to the removal of air pollutants at Guangzhou city, whose emissions are high. For this high-pressure case, the contributions of the various processes show high correlations in cities with the similar geographical attributes. According to the statistical results, cities in the PRD region are divided into four groups with different features. The contributions from local and nonlocal emission sources are discussed in different groups.

Implications: The characteristics of aerosol pollution episodes are intensively studied in this work using the high-resolution modeling system MM5/SMOKE/CMAQ, with special efforts on examining the contributions of different physical and chemical processes to air concentrations for each city over the PRD region by a process analysis method, so as to provide a scientific basis for understanding the formation mechanism of regional aerosol pollution under the high-pressure system over PRD.