Can arbuscular mycorrhiza and fertilizer management reduce phosphorus runoff from paddy fields?

Our study sought to assess how much phosphorus (P) runoff from paddy fields could be cut down by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. A field experiment was conducted in Lalin River basin, in the northeast China: six nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium fertilizer levels were provided (0, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of the recommended fertilizer supply), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume and concentrations of particle P (PP) and dissolved P (DP) were measured for each runoff during the rice growing season. It was found that the seasonal P runoff, including DP and PP, under the local fertilization was 3.7 kg/ha, with PP, rather than DP, being the main form of P in runoff water. Additionally, the seasonal P runoff dropped only by 8.9% when fertilization decreased by 20%; rice yields decreased with declining fertilization. We also found that inoculation increased rice yields and decreased P runoff at each fertilizer level and these effects were lower under higher fertilization. Conclusively, while rice yields were guaranteed arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and fertilizer management would play a key role in reducing P runoff from paddy fields.     

Do vehicular emissions dominate the source of C6–C8 aromatics in the megacity Shanghai of eastern China?

The characteristic ratios of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) to i-pentane, the indicator of vehicular emissions, were employed to apportion the vehicular and non-vehicular contributions to reactive species in urban Shanghai. Two kinds of tunnel experiments, one tunnel with more than 90% light duty gasoline vehicles and the other with more than 60% light duty diesel vehicles, were carried out to study the characteristic ratios of vehicle-related emissions from December 2009 to January 2010. Based on the experiments, the characteristic ratios of C6–C8aromatics to i-pentane of vehicular emissions were 0.53 ± 0.08(benzene), 0.70 ± 0.12(toluene),0.41 ± 0.09(m,p-xylenes), 0.16 ± 0.04(o-xylene), 0.023 ± 0.011(styrene), and 0.15 ± 0.02(ethylbenzene), respectively. The source apportionment results showed that around 23.3% of C6–C8 aromatics in urban Shanghai were from vehicular emissions, which meant that the non-vehicular emissions had more importance. These findings suggested that emission control of non-vehicular sources, i.e. industrial emissions, should also receive attention in addition to the control of vehicle-related emissions in Shanghai. The chemical removal of VOCs during the transport from emissions to the receptor site had a large impact on the apportionment results. Generally, the overestimation of vehicular contributions would occur when the VOC reaction rate constant with OH radicals(k OH) was larger than that of the vehicular indicator, while for species with smaller k OH than the vehicular indicator, the vehicular contribution would be underestimated by the method of characteristic ratios.     

低浓度苯系物在新疆干旱区土壤中的吸附行为研究

采集新疆干旱区石化废水库附近区域土壤,以苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯(间、对二甲苯)等典型苯系物为研究对象,系统研究低浓度苯系物在干旱区土壤上的吸附行为,分析土壤有机质含量,溶液p H、溶液含盐量、温度对苯系物吸附的影响。结果显示土壤对低浓度苯系物的吸附16 h达到平衡;吸附等温线经拟合后符合Henry直线型吸附模型;土壤对苯系物的吸附量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增加,土壤有机质含量与吸附量呈显著正相关(P0.01,R2≥0.919);溶液p H值对吸附过程无明显作用;随着溶液含盐量增大,土壤对苯系物的吸附量表现为先减小,再稳定;温度升高会抑制土壤对苯系物的吸附作用。     

贵阳市土壤地球化学背景与生态环境分析

通过1∶250 000多目标区域地球化学调查,获得了贵阳市及邻区表、深层土壤中54项化学指标的地球化学背景值、基准值等参数。研究区总体土壤环境呈中偏酸性,对生态环境影响较大。土壤化学物质组成丰富,地球化学背景分布不均匀。除活动性强的化学组分对成土母质有分异外,多数化学组分对成土母质继承性显著。表层土壤有机碳、全碳、硫、氮、硒、氟和汞、镉、砷等的地球化学背景值显著高于深层土壤和我国其它城市地球化学基准值。前者适宜发展生态富硒特色农业,后者表明土壤环境安全形势严峻。土壤地球化学背景为生态环境评价和其它相关学科研究提供了科学基础,由此提出生态环境保护和利用建议。     

环境影响评价在中国环境管理中的作用及局限性研究

论述环境影响评价在中国环境管理中的作用,并结合实际工作分析,指出其存在如环境影响分析预测不准确、环保措施实施效果欠佳、监测计划作用发挥不到位、自身局限性等问题.针对存在问题并提出五点建议,即实现环境主管部门全过程监管、加强政府各部门的积极配合、建设环境信息共享平台、全民提高自觉环境保护意识、环评工作者加强自身专业知识培养,以调动全民积极主动性,充分发挥环境影响评价的作用.     

城市大气污染治理方法研究——城市新风系统

城市大气污染治理研究多年来未见突破,为了解决城市大气污染给人们生活带来的危害,利用提高生态修复主体利用率的方法,研究出一种新的城市大气污染治理方法——“城市新风系统”,这种方法理论上可以快速有效改善城市区域内大气环境.该研究以南京为例进行模拟计算,并建立了理论模型的雏形.理论模型预期可在数周内改善城市大气环境,并通过污染与新风总量的科学控制实现范围内的全优环境,这是一个具有可复制性,并有极强的推广意义的方法.     

不同情景下长江口滩涂湿地2020年景观演变预测

为了解长江口典型滩涂湿地景观格局演变过程,根据1980—2010年长江口滩涂湿地演变规律,采用土地利用动态变化模型Dyna-CLUE模型和CA模型预测2020年长江口3处典型滩涂湿地崇明东滩、南汇边滩以及九段沙在生态保护、现行趋势和围垦加剧3种不同情景下的景观演变。结果表明:到2020年,在生态保护情景、现行趋势情景和围垦加剧情景下,堤外滩涂湿地总面积分别增长56、44 km2以及减少7 km2,其中芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)群落面积比由2010年的36∶38∶26分别变化为2020年的46∶34∶20、38∶38∶24和38∶37∶25。对于崇明东滩、南汇边滩和九段沙而言,生态保护情景下滩涂湿地面积分别增加7、43和6 km2,而现行趋势情景和围垦加剧情景下,滩涂湿地面积呈现不断减少的趋势。     

台风“威马逊”造成云南强降水灾害天气分析

利用云南7部新一代天气雷达观测数据和Micaps常规资料,对台风"威马逊"登陆后减弱生成的热带低压引发强降水进行分析,揭示了台风"威马逊"造成的强降水成因及对云南的影响情况。结果表明:"威马逊"的外围云系于2014年7月19日下午开始影响云南,19日17时滇东南地区出现降雨,其中20-22日,云南省连续3d出现暴雨天气过程,滇中以西以南大部地区出现大暴雨、暴雨天气(其中屏边站和宁洱站日降水突破了历史极值),23日降雨过程结束。这次台风低压天气过程是近5年来影响云南造成降水最强的一次,热带低压西移与西南气流汇合,低压倒槽造成的强降水对云南西部造成持续影响。热带低压带来了强降水,造成了37人死亡、9人失踪的重大灾害。以文山新一代天气雷达观测资料分析,发现使用雷达对远距离低层云系的探测,能较好地判断"威马逊"台风外围云系的结构及演变情况,对改进强降水的短时临近预警有较好的价值;在现行体扫模式下增加超低仰角探测,应有助于更好预测风暴影响的强度和发展趋势,进一步改进预警能力,从而对短时临近预报有一定的帮助。就台风"威马逊"而言,发现较好的应用雷达资料,在一定的条件下对改进短时临近预警业务有一些帮助,因此提出重视雷达探测可能对提高强天气监测预警水平和防灾减灾应具有一定的价值。     

海洋沉积物中石油类污染物的释放研究

沉积物中石油类污染物的释放过程受到海洋水动力、环境因素、海床沉积物特性及生物扰动等条件的影响,引发的二次污染作用周期长,而且对水体环境、沿海娱乐活动及海洋生物的各项生理活动都会造成影响。为加深对该释放过程的认识,本文阐述了海洋沉积物中石油类污染物的释放机理,重点分析了海床液化失稳对该过程的影响机制,总结了石油类污染物释...     

火工品温湿度加速老化模型和算法研究

目的 研究对火工品适用的温湿度加速模型,以及加速系数计算程序,获取准确的温湿度加速系数外推公式.方法 通过分析国内外使用的各种双因素加速模型的适用性,确定火工品适用的温湿度加速模型,采用免费自由的开源统计分析软件——R软件,对通过加速试验获取的某点火头2种温湿度加速条件下的试验数据,进行单组数据拟合和多组数据拟合两种温湿度加速老化算法的开发,并且对2种算法、3种寿命分布下寿命外推的准确性进行对比分析.结果 确定了Peck模型适合用于火工品的温湿度加速模型,获取了某电点火头对应的温湿度加速系数和湿度项反应速率常数.结论 基于多组数据拟合的温湿度加速老化算法,比基于单组数据拟合的温湿度加速老化算法对试验数据的兼容性好.3种寿命分布中,Weibull分布的加速系数计算结果最保守.