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91.
92.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis emanating both from a virus (SARS-CoV-2) and from the drastic actions to contain it. Here, we reflect on the immediate responses of most world powers amid the pandemic chaos: totalitarian surveillance and nationalist isolation. Drawing on published literature, we consider measures such as wildlife-use bans, lockdowns and travel restrictions, along with their reverberations for people, economies and the planet. Our synthesis highlights significant shortfalls of applying command-and-control tactics in emergencies. For one, heavy-handed bans risk enormous unintended consequences and tend to fail if they lack legitimacy or clash with people’s values. Furthermore, reactive and myopic strategies typically view the pandemic as a stand-alone crisis, rather than unravelling the complex interplay of nature-society interactions through which zoonotic diseases originate. A return to adaptive management approaches that recognise root causes and foster socio-ecological resilience will be essential to improve human and planetary health and mitigate future pandemics. 相似文献
93.
Seasonality of Soil Erosion Under Mediterranean Conditions at the Alqueva Dam Watershed 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Alqueva reservoir created the largest artificial lake of Western Europe in 2010. Since then, the region has faced challenges due to land-use changes that may increase the risk of erosion and shorten the lifetime of the reservoir, increasing the need to promote land management sustainability. This paper investigates the aspect of seasonality of soil erosion using a comprehensive methodology that integrates the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) approach, geographic information systems, geostatistics, and remote-sensing. An experimental agro-silvo pastoral area (typical land-use) was used for the RUSLE factors update. The study confirmed the effect of seasonality on soil erosion rates under Mediterranean conditions. The highest rainfall erosivity values occurred during the autumn season (433.6 MJ mm ha?1 h?1), when vegetation cover is reduced after the long dry season. As a result, the autumn season showed the highest predicted erosion (9.9 t ha?1), contributing 65 % of the total annual erosion. The predicted soil erosion for winter was low (1.1 t ha?1) despite the high rainfall erosivity during that season (196.6 MJ mm ha?1 h?1). The predicted annual soil loss was 15.1 t ha?1, and the sediment amount delivery was 4,314 × 103 kg. Knowledge of seasonal variation would be essential to outline sustainable land management practices. This model will be integrated with World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies methods to support decision-making in that watershed, and it will involve collaboration with both local people and governmental institutions. 相似文献
94.
In this paper we compute the genuine savings indicators for the Republic of Ireland over the period 1995-2005. We expand and improve existing World Bank's estimates by: a) using data collected from official Irish sources; b) employing the net present value method to assess resource depreciation; c) including external costs from SO(2) and NOx emissions; and d) estimating human capital accumulation using the returns to education. We also perform a sensitivity analysis to check the robustness of our estimates to different assumptions and parameters. Our estimates are consistently smaller than the World Bank's and negative in the first years of the period considered. 相似文献
95.
Almerindo D. Ferreira Amir Farimani Antonio C. M. Sousa 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(2):167-181
Erosion is a common phenomenon in nature, and it may cause a wide range of problems such as air pollution, and destruction
of agricultural land, shelters and stockpiles. The present work deals with stockpiles, which have their profiles described
by a sinus function or by similar trigonometric functions. Analysis of the erosion by air flow over these piles will provide
for further understanding of the erosion underlying mechanisms and, moreover, how to control them and eventually to prevent
them. To this purpose, different experimental tests are conducted for a pile with a sinuous profile, and particular attention
is given to the time development of the profile due to the erosion process; the effect of the air velocity is also studied
by selecting different velocities. In addition, the flow over several deformed piles is numerically predicted using the CFX
software; the results clearly show the erosion process is strongly dependent upon time, velocity field and surface disturbances.
A correlation between the erosion rate and the velocity is proposed. 相似文献
96.
Almerindo D. Ferreira 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2011,11(5):517-530
Computational and experimental approaches are employed for the structural design of a natural windbreak. It is intended to
find the optimum tree shelterbelt to obviate the uneven wind speed distribution across the width dimension of a high-level
competition rowing channel. The experimental results, obtained in a wind tunnel, and consisting of erosion-technique images
and local wind-speed measurements, are used to benchmark the computational model. A good agreement between the two sets of
results is obtained. Several windbreak configurations, considering one or two rows of different cross-sectional shape and
porosity, are computationally modeled. For the shortest row a rectangular shape, with porosity of 35%, is considered; for
the tallest row, which aims the modeling of a poplar tree, a porosity of 87% is assumed at the trunk level, and 60% at the
crown. The optimum shelterbelt consists of two rows, composed by bamboo and poplar trees, which allows the attainment of a
low and nearly uniform wind flow across the width of the channel. 相似文献
97.
Rafael Vicente de P��dua Ferreira Solange Kazumi Sakata Vera L��cia Keiko Isiki Hissae Miyamoto Maria Helena Bellini Luis Filipe C. P. de Lima J��lio Takehiro Marumo 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(2):209-216
The present study investigated the influence of 241Am on microbial growth and the degradation of organic waste. Leachate samples collected in a lysimeter were periodically analyzed
for bacterial growth, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 241Am inhibited bacterial growth, and the degradation of organic matter was delayed in comparison with the control. Minimal inhibitory
concentration assays and survival curves revealed that it inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas putida F1. The assay also revealed that 241Am is more toxic than 238U, Zn2+ and Cd2+. This study further led to the finding of four new radionuclide-tolerant bacterial strains: Flavobacterium spp., Pseudomonas gladioli, Chryseobacterium indologenes and Ochrobactrum anthropi. The survival curves of P. gladioli, C. indologenes revealed that these bacteria are resistant to metal as consortia. 相似文献
98.
Nogueira L Rodrigues AC Trídico CP Fossa CE de Almeida EA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,180(1-4):243-255
Considering that diesel oil is one of the most common aquatic contaminants, we compare the oxidative stress between two species of fish with different habitats (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, benthic and Oreochromis niloticus, nektonic) exposed to diesel oil. Malondialdehyde concentrations (MDA) and the activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase were all analyzed in the fishes' livers and gills after 2 and 7 days of exposure to different concentrations of diesel (0.1 and 0.5 mL/L). In the tilapia, MDA levels and the activities of EROD and GST activity in the liver, as well as MDA levels and the activities of GST and SOD in the gill had statistically significant differences between the treatments and between the times of exposure. For the catfish, the same occurred in the case of MDA, EROD, and SOD in the liver and in CAT and SOD in the gills. There were significant differences in the enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation between the species. Although the activity of most enzymes seemed to be more expressive and responsive to diesel in O. niloticus, diesel oil also caused significant effects on oxidative stress parameters in P. anisitsi, even though this species is benthic and thus has less access to insoluble fractions of diesel oil. Therefore, both species can be used as sentinel organisms in environmental biomonitoring of diesel contamination. 相似文献
99.
Ana Isabel Miranda Vera Martins Pedro Cascão Jorge Humberto Amorim Joana Valente Richard Tavares Carlos Borrego Oxana Tchepel António Jorge Ferreira Carlos Robalo Cordeiro Domingos Xavier Viegas Luís Mário Ribeiro Luís Paulo Pita 《Environment international》2010,36(7):736-745
Forest fires represent a serious threat to public security in Europe due to the large burned area. Moreover, smoke pollution due to forest fire events is an important public health issue for the communities directly affected, and particularly for the personnel involved in firefighting operations. Aiming to contribute to the scientific knowledge concerning firefighters exposure to forest fires smoke, data of individual exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were obtained during experimental field fires for a group of 10 firefighters equipped with portable “in continuum” measuring devices. Measured values are very high exceeding the Occupational Exposure Standard limits, in particular for peak limit thresholds. These are the first measurements and analysis of firefighter's individual exposure to toxic gases and particles in fire smoke experiments in Europe. However, they already indicate that urgent measures to avoid these levels of exposure are needed. 相似文献
100.
Teresa Rocha-Santos Filipe Ferreira Lurdes Silva Ana Cristina Freitas Ruth Pereira Mário Diniz Luísa Castro Isabel Peres Armando Costa Duarte 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):866-874