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111.
Green construction is gaining increasing attention in the global context. However, the construction of sustainable green buildings
and environments involves different tools and systems and diverse perspectives. Therefore, the development of environmental
assessment tools is an important task for managing green housing and green building projects. In this paper, we discuss the
benefits, limitations, and future directions of the assessment framework. There are four characteristics of building environmental
assessment, i.e., comprehensiveness, design guideline, signaling, and communication tools, which afford both benefits and
limitations. We illustrate the role of the assessment framework as a hub promoting integration of diverse knowledge, as a
design guideline encouraging better design and action, as signaling environmentally friendly design and action, and as a communication
tool. On the other hand, there are limitations, such as the use of a mixture of quantitative and qualitative measures, ambiguity
of weighing, lack of financial evaluation, and lack of involvement of diverse disciplines and stakeholders. To develop an
effective assessment framework, the following three factors must be considered: knowledge, power, and implementation. We propose
that knowledge innovation, a credible approach for a salient solution, and collective action represent the future challenges
of the assessment framework. 相似文献
112.
Seiichirou Ohura Hiroyuki Harada Biplob Kumar Biswas Mitsunori Kondo Susumu Ishikawa Hidetaka Kawakita Keisuke Ohto Katsutoshi Inoue 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(4):293-297
Zirconium was loaded onto orange waste, a cheap and available agricultural waste in Japan, to investigate the feasibility
of its utilization for phosphorus recovery from secondary effluent and side-stream liquid, which contain 5.9 and 68.2 mg/dm3 phosphorus, respectively. The phosphorus removal from side-stream liquid by using zirconium-loaded saponified orange waste
(Zr-SOW) gel increased with an increasing solid/liquid ratio, and it was found that Zr-SOW gel showed better performance than
zirconium ferrite. The prepared adsorbent was effective for phosphorus removal and exhibited a reasonably high adsorption
capacity, twice than that of zirconium ferrite. The secondary effluent was treated in a column packed with Zr-SOW gel, and
an dynamic adsorption capacity of 1.3 mol-P/kg was attained. The adsorbed phosphorus from the column was successfully eluted
as a concentrated form by using a small amount of 0.2 M NaOH. Throughout the elution process, zirconium was not leaked from
the adsorption gel. 相似文献
113.
Kai Huang Katsutoshi Inoue Hiroyuki Harada Hidetaka Kawakita Keisuke Ohto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):118-126
The leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal waste incineration (MWI) fly ash was investigated in this study. The
leaching process includes two steps, i.e., fly ash was firstly washed with water, and then subjected to citric acid leaching.
The main parameters of the washing process such as liquid/solid ratio, washing time, and number of washing were tested. The
optimum conditions for water washing were found as follows: washing time 5–10 min, liquid/solid ratio 10:1 (ml:g), and number
of washing was twice; under these conditions, 86% Na, 70% K, 12% Ca, 1.2% Al, and 0.5% Pb were removed from the fly ash in
the prewashing. From the results of screening tests of leaching lixiviants, citric acid was found to be the most effective
leaching agent, taking account of its environmentally benign characteristics. Optimum metal extraction can be achieved with
citric acid under the following conditions: pH 3.0, liquid/solid ratio 40 (ml:g), citric acid concentration 0.10 mol/dm3, contact time 20 min at room temperature. 相似文献
114.
Tsuji M Vogel CF Koriyama C Akiba S Katoh T Kawamoto T Matsumura F 《Chemosphere》2012,87(11):1228-1234
Background
One of the suggested health outcomes of PCB exposure is childhood asthma.Objectives
This study was conducted to find health relevant biomarkers providing the molecular epidemiological evidence for the positive relationship between exposure to PCBs and childhood asthma.Methods
Blood samples from fifteen asthmatic children as well as an equal number of non-asthmatic children (average 2 year old) were collected, and were analyzed for PCBs and their select marker expression by using qRT-PCR.Results
Among biomarkers examined IL-8 expression was significantly correlated to serum levels of PCB #163 + 164 (P = 0.022), #170 (P = 0.046), #177 (P = 0.022), #178 (P = 0.022) and #180 + 193 (P = 0.046) in a dose-dependent manner, which was found only among asthmatic children. In contrast, COX-2 correlations to individual congener levels were recognized only among control subjects, not among asthmatic subjects.Conclusion
Serum concentrations of PCB#163 + 164, #170, #177, #178 and #180 + 193 correlate significantly with IL-8 mRNA expressions among asthmatic children. 相似文献115.
Koichi Haraguchi Akio Koizumi Kayoko Inoue Kouji H. Harada Toshiaki Hitomi Mutsuko Minata Miyako Tanabe Yoshihisa Kato Eri Nishimura Yoshiaki Yamamoto Takao Watanabe Katsunobu Takenaka Shigeki Uehara Hye-Ran Yang Min-Young Kim Chan-Seok Moon Hae-Sook Kim Peiyu Wang Aiping Liu Nguyen Ngoc Hung 《Environment international》2009,35(7):1072-1079
Human breast milk samples collected in 2007–2008 from four countries, Vietnam (Hanoi), China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul) and Japan (Sendai, Kyoto and Takayama), were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane-related compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Comparing with previous surveys, the present study indicates that the DDTs in breast milk from China and Vietnam had gradually decreased during the last decade, but were still 5–10 times higher than those in other nations. The ratios of p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT were higher in Beijing than in the other countries, suggesting that there is less fresh intake of commercial DDT products and a possible exposure to dicofol in China. CHL and PCB levels were relatively higher in mothers from Japan, whereas β-HCH and HCB were more common in Chinese women. In Japan, it is suspected that mothers in the urban/coastal area (Sendai) were more continuously exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) than mothers in the rural/inland area (Takayama). In addition, OCP levels in primiparae were significantly higher than those in multiparae from Japan and Korea. These indicate that both parity and regional factors are major determinants of the levels of OCPs and PCBs in human milk. On the other hand, higher concentrations of PBDEs were observed in mothers' milk from Korea. The congener was dominated by BDE-47 (43–54%), followed by BDE-153 (23–33%) in all regions except for Beijing where BDE-28 (23%) was relatively abundant. In Japanese breast milk, regional and parity-dependent distributions were not observed for PBDEs. Among PBDE congeners, age-dependency was observed for BDE-153, which was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) to the age of mothers in Kyoto (17 participants were housewives), while it increased with age in Sendai (10 participants were clerks). No such correlation was seen for BDE-47, indicating that BDE-47 was ingested and assimilated via different kinetics or routes from BDE-153 in Japan. 相似文献
116.
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin (TCDD) has been known to induce inflammatory signaling in a number of cell types and tissues. We found that in U937 macrophages TCDD causes rapid activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) within 30 min as judged by the increase in the serine 505 phosphorylated form of cPLA2 protein and the increased cellular release of free arachidonic acid. This initial action of TCDD is accompanied with the up-regulation of an important inflammation marker, COX-2 mRNA expression within 1 h, and by 3 h, several other markers become up-regulated. These effects appear to be dependent on the initial increase in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+, and activation of cPLA2 and COX-2. A comparative study among three different human cell lines showed that activation of COX-2 within 1 h of action of TCDD is a common feature exhibited by all cell lines. On the other hand, the U937 macrophage line appears to be unique among them with respect to its ability to activate TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expressions, and not requiring Src kinase in propagating the initial signaling of cPLA2. Based on the rapidity of activation of cPLA2 and COX-2, which occurs within 1 h of cell exposure to TCDD, when no change in mRNA expression of CYP1A1 has been observed, it is apparent that this unique action of TCDD is carried out through a distinct “nongenomic” pathway which, is clearly discernable from the classical, “genomic” action pathway of the AhR by not requiring the participation of ARNT. 相似文献
117.
Hikari Shimadera Akira Kondo Akikazu Kaga Kundan Lal Shrestha Yoshio Inoue 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(37):5894-5907
To estimate the contribution of transboundary transported air pollutants from other Asian countries to Japan in ionic concentrations in fog water in March 2005, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system was utilized with meteorological fields produced by the 5th generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). For meteorological predictions, the model well reproduced the surface meteorological variables, particularly temperature and humidity, and generally captured fog occurrence. For chemical predictions, most of the model-predicted monthly mean concentrations were approximately within a factor of 2 of the observations, indicating that the model well simulated the long-range atmospheric transport from the Asian Continent to Japan. For SO42?, NO3? and NH4+, the contribution rates of the transboundary air pollution in the Kinki Region of Japan ranged from 69 to 82% for aerosols, from 47 to 87% for ionic concentrations in rain, and from 55 to 79% for ionic concentrations in fog. The study found that the transboundary air pollution also affected ionic concentrations in fog as well as aerosol concentrations and ionic concentrations in rain. 相似文献
118.
Kumi Hidaka Yasuko Iwakawa Takashi Maoka Fumio Tanimoto Akira Oku 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):6-10
Chemical recycling of waste poly(carbonate) (PC) to coproduce bisphenol A (BPA) and carbohydrate carbonates was studied by
selecting glycerol (Gly) and glucose (Glu) as model carbohydrates (CHs). In advance of the reaction of PC with CHs, reactions
with diphenyl carbonate were examined as a model PC. In dioxane at 100°C using NaOH as catalyst, Gly was converted to cyclic
carbonate hydroxymethyldioxolane (HMDO) at 98% and Glu was converted to the dicarbonate (Glu-DC) at 46%, in pyridine, in addition
to the production of phenol. Similar treatment of PC with Gly using KOH as a catalyst produced HMDO and BPA at very high yields
and treatment with Glu produced Glu-DC and BPA in 38%–42% yields.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献
119.
The objective of this study was to elucidate characteristics associated with rivers by classification of major rivers in Japan into sereral types based on riparian conditions.As the results of principal compoent analysis(PCA) with use of parameters reflecting forms and artificial alterations of respective rives,four major components such as“comprehensive riparian size”,“intactness of water front”,“continuity of streams” and “silmplicity of landform in river basin”were extracted.Subsequently,cluster analysis was performed based on principal component scores,leading to succesful classification of major rivers into 6 types.These findings disclosed that(1) the extracted principal components provide effective viewpoint for classification of rivers;(2) distribution of respective classes indicates are properties;and (3) the emplyed quantitative procedures were found effective for classification of major rivers. 相似文献
120.
T. Yamada T. Inoue H. Fukuhara O. Nakahara T. Izuta R. Suda M. Takahashi H. Sase A. Takahashi H. Kobayashi T. Ohizumi T. Hakamata 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(1-3):259-266
Since 1983, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan has conducted nation-wide acid deposition surveys. To investigate the
effects of acid deposition on surface water, we used the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test to find temporal trends in pH, alkalinity,
and electrical conductivity (EC) in more than 10 years of data collected from five lakes and their catchments (Lake Kuttara:
northernmost; Lake Kamakita: near Tokyo; Lake Ijira: central; Lake Banryu: western; and Lake Unagiike: southernmost). The
pH of Lake Ijira water has declined slightly since the mid-1990s, corresponding with the downward trends seen in the pH and
alkalinity of the river water flowing into the lake. There were significant upward trends in the EC of both the lake and stream
water; the same trends were also found for concentrations. These trends show evidence of acidification due to atmospheric deposition, and this is the first such finding
in Japan based on significant long-term trends. Lake Ijira is located about 40 km north of the Chukyo industrial area near
Nagoya. The annual depositions of H+, nss-, and in Lake Ijira were among the highest of all deposition monitoring sites, suggesting that this is the main cause of the significant
acidification observed in Lake Ijira. No significant trends suggesting acidification were observed in any of the other lake
catchments in spite of the significant upward trends in EC. Upward trends in pH and alkalinity at Lake Banryu and upward trends
in alkalinity at Lake Kamakita were detected, but no change in pH or alkalinity at Lake Kuttara and Lake Unagiike was observed. 相似文献