大型磷肥生产企业环境风险研究

对大型磷肥企业生产过程中存在的风险进行识别,进行风险事故源项分析,讨论了风险事故后果的计算方法,并提出相应的风险管理措施。     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca-Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus (P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar (Ca-Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca-Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in CaO and MgO nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca-Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid-liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca-Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical pH level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles of Ca-Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca-Mg/B600 > Ca-Mg/B450 > Ca-Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

微孔曝气国内外研究进展及趋势分析

分析比较了国内外微孔曝气研究和应用实例,指出了目前微孔曝气技术的研究重点。同时,综合国内外研究人员的研究成果,分别叙述了曝气量、安装水深、安装面积、孔径、水质和气孔堵塞状况对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响,对不同影响因素的作用效果做了总结,并指出目前研究存在的问题。以期对污水处理厂曝气系统的优化提供借鉴,对拟采用微孔曝气法进行生态修复的研究提供参考。     

Diurnal and spatial variations of soil NOx fluxes in the northern steppe of China

NOx emissions from biogenic sources in soils play a significant role in the gaseous loss of soil nitrogen and consequent changes in tropospheric chemistry. In order to investigate the characteristics of NOx fluxes and factors influencing these fluxes in degraded sandy grasslands in northern China, diurnal and spatial variations of NOx fluxes were measured in situ. A dynamic flux chamber method was used at eight sites with various vegetation coverages and soil types in the northern steppe of China in the summer season of 2010. Fluxes of NOx from soils with plant covers were generally higher than those in the corresponding bare vegetation-free soils, indicating that the canopy plays an important role in the exchange of NOx between soil and air. The fluxes of NOx increased in the daytime, and decreased during the nighttime, with peak emissions occurring between 12:00 and 14:00. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the diurnal variation of NOx fluxes was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.05) and negatively with soil moisture content (P < 0.05). Based on measurement over a season, the overall variation in NOx flux was lower than that of soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that the gaseous loss of N from the grasslands of northern China was not a significant contributor to the high C/N in the northern steppe of China. The concentration of NOx emitted from soils in the region did not exceed the 1-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.25 mg/m³).     

Nitrogen removal from coal gasification wastewater by activated carbon technologies combined with short-cut nitrogen removal process

A system combining granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon technologies along with shortcut biological nitrogen removal （GAC-PACT-SBNR） was developed to enhance total nitrogen （TN） removal for anaerobically treated coal gasification wastewater with less need for external carbon resources. The TN removal efficiency in SBNR was significantly improved by introducing the effluent from the GAC process into SBNR during the anoxic stage, with removal percentage increasing from 43.8%49.6% to 68.8%-75.8%. However, the TN removal rate decreased with the progressive deterioration of GAC adsorption. After adding activated sludge to the GAG compartment, the granular carbon had a longer service-life and the demand for external carbon resources became lower. Eventually, the TN removal rate in SBNR was almost constant at approx. 43.3%, as compared to approx. 20.0% before seeding with sludge. In addition, the production of some alkalinity during the denitrification resulted in a net savings in alkalinity requirements for the nitrification reaction and refractory chemical oxygen demand （COD） degradation by autotrophic bacteria in SBNR under oxic conditions. PACT showed excellent resilience to increasing organic loadings. The microbial community analysis revealed that the PACT had a greater variety of bacterial taxons and the dominant species associated with the three compartments were in good agreement with the removal of typical pollutants. The study demonstrated that pre-adsorption by the GAC-sludge process could be a technically and economically feasible method to enhance TN removal in coal gasification wastewater （CGW）.     

基于生命周期的废旧纺织品全过程管理体系构建

针对我国目前废旧纺织品处理中存在的问题,从纺织产品生命周期的视角对其生产、流通、消费、回收使用、收集转运和末端处理6个环节进行了分析。在此基础上,建立了由"源头管理"、"中间管理"和"末端管理"3个部分构成的废旧纺织品全过程管理体系。     

废旧电子线路板中铜、镍、银的连续测定

为解决废旧电子线路板金属检测过程中所遇到的金属分布不均匀以及金属难以浸取问题,采取适当的样品前处理和样品全分析法。通过对样品进行适当前处理,先灼烧破坏其有机物,再以王水全部溶解样品,在一定条件下,碘量法测定铜、原子吸收光谱法测定镍和银,相对标准偏差均小于3.5%。     

某铝厂熔铸项目职业病危害控制效果评价

采用职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测、检查表分析法等方法对某铝厂熔铸项目存在的职业病危害进行了识别、分析,提出了职业病危害防护措施方面的建议。     

机械制造业中镀铬工序清洁生产方案研究

通过对机械制造业中某一电镀企业重金属离子铬的产排污情况分析,评价了该企业的清洁生产水平,制定了清洁生产的中高费方案,即将镀铬工序产生的含铬废水蒸发浓缩后,浓缩液进入镀铬槽内进行回用,蒸馏水则回用于水洗槽用作清洗用水。并从技术、环境和经济3个方面进行了评估,环境评估从7个方面进行,如资源与能源、废弃物排放量变化、回收利用情况等,证明该方案实施是可行的,为我国机械制造业中镀铬工序的清洁生产提供了参考依据。     

从新疆煤炭产业布局看我国主体功能区规划实施

新疆经济发展对煤炭资源依赖程度愈发强烈,在限制开发区大力发展煤炭矿区及煤电化,不可避免地使资源环境承载压力加剧,使主体功能区规划实施效果大打折扣。在这一背景下,为了促进主体功能区规划在我国经济发展中发挥更有效的作用,本文从新疆煤炭产业布局入手,分析主体功能区规划实施中的问题,并提出改进建议。