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311.
Dietmar Oettl Peter Johann Sturm Gerhard Pretterhofer Michael Bacher Johannes Rodler Raimund Alfons Almbauer 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1233-1240
Abstract Transit traffic through the Austrian Alps is of major concern in government policy. Pollutant burdens resulting from such traffic are discussed widely in Austrian politics and have already led to measures to restrict traffic on transit routes. In the course of an environmental assessment study, comprehensive measurements were performed. These included air quality observations using passive samplers, a differential optical absorption spectroscopy system, a mobile and a fixed air quality monitoring station, and meteorological observations. As was evident from several previous studies, dispersion modeling in such areas of complex terrain and, moreover, with frequent calm wind conditions, is difficult to handle. Further, in the case presented here, different pollutant sources had to be treated simultaneously (e.g., road networks, exhaust chimneys from road tunnels, and road tunnel portals). No appropriate system for modeling all these factors has so far appeared in the literature. A prognostic wind field model coupled with a Lagrangian dispersion model is thus presented here and is designed to treat all these factors. A comparison of the modeling system with results from passive samplers and from a fixed air quality monitoring station proved the ability of the model to provide reasonable figures for concentration distributions along the A10. 相似文献
312.
Gerhard Lammel 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2002,14(4):245-253
With the aim of providing results for precautionary environmental politics at an early point in time, a strategy is being sought to optimize the identification of research objects in substance-related environmental research. Both, proven as well as potential substance risks are considered as such. This approach is meant to support pro-active elements in environmental chemistry (as opposited to re-active elements associated with environmental damage). In the atmosphere, substance risks are created by perturbations of functions of the atmosphere and of other natural spheres, as far as atmospheric functions are part of the cause-effect relationships. A complete risk assessment includes exposure and effects analyses, a prerequisite for the latter is the identification of critical effect thresholds (in general: criticalities). However, the state of knowledge in many cases does not allow for a quantitative analysis of the cause-effect relationships. Exposure analysis can be significant for the identification of relevant research objects, because the quantification of the spatial and temporal extent of the potential damage constitutes an important risk category which can be addressed by exposure analysis. Examples for priority issues of substance-related environmental research are given based on combined exposure and effect analyses, as well as on exposure analyses alone. References for the knowledge production process in substance-related environmental science are provided in the field of risk assessment and using the syndrome concept. 相似文献
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Cocoon-spinning larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) employ a pheromone that attracts or arrests conspecifics seeking pupation sites. Such intraspecific communication signals are important cues for illicit receivers such as parasitoids to exploit. We tested the hypothesis that the prepupal C. pomonella parasitoid Mastrus ridibundus Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) exploits the larval aggregation pheromone to locate host prepupae. In laboratory olfactometer experiments, female M. ridibundus were attracted to 3-day-old cocoons containing C. pomonella larvae or prepupae. Older cocoons containing C. pomonella pupae, or larvae and prepupae excised from cocoons, were not attractive. In gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of bioactive Porapak Q extract of cocoon-derived airborne semiochemicals, ten compounds elicited responses from female M. ridibundus antennae. Comparative GC-mass spectrometry of authentic standards and cocoon-volatiles determined that these compounds were 3-carene, myrcene, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, sulcatone, and geranylacetone. A synthetic 11-component blend consisting of these ten EAD-active compounds plus EAD-inactive (+)-limonene (the most abundant cocoon-derived volatile) was as effective as Porapak Q cocoon extract in attracting both female M. ridibundus and C. pomonella larvae seeking pupation sites. Only three components could be deleted from the 11-component blend without diminishing its attractiveness to M. ridibundus, which underlines the complexity of information received and processed during foraging for hosts. Mastrus ridibundus obviously eavesdrop on the pheromonal communication signals of C. pomonella larvae that reliably indicate host presence.
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Gerhard GriesEmail: |
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The Science of Nature - 相似文献
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