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61.
The discrimination of infectious and inactivated viruses remains a key obstacle when using quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) to
quantify enteric viruses. In this study, propidium monoazide (PMA) and RNase pretreatments were evaluated for the detection
and quantification of infectious hepatitis A virus (HAV). For thermally inactivated HAV, PMA treatment was more effective
than RNase treatment for differentiating infectious and inactivated viruses, with HAV titers reduced by more than 2.4 log10 units. Results showed that combining 50 μM of PMA and RT-qPCR selectively quantify infectious HAV in media suspensions. Therefore,
PMA treatment previous to RT-qPCR detection is a promising alternative to assess HAV infectivity. 相似文献
62.
Ako AA Shimada J Hosono T Ichiyanagi K Nkeng GE Fantong WY Eyong GE Roger NN 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(6):559-575
Groundwater quality of the Banana Plain (Mbanga, Njombe, Penja—Cameroon) was assessed for its suitability for drinking, domestic,
and agricultural uses. A total of 67 groundwater samples were collected from open wells, springs, and boreholes. Samples were
analyzed for physicochemical properties, major ions, and dissolved silica. In 95% of groundwater samples, calcium is the dominant
cation, while sodium dominates in 5% of the samples. Eighty percent of the samples have HCO3 as major anion, and in 20%, NO3 is the major anion. Main water types in the study area are CaHCO3, CaMgHCO3, CaNaHCO3, and CaNaNO3ClHCO3. CO2-driven weathering of silicate minerals followed by cation exchange seemingly controls largely the concentrations of major
ions in the groundwaters of this area. Nitrate, sulfate, and chloride concentrations strongly express the impact of anthropogenic
activities (agriculture and domestic activities) on groundwater quality. Sixty-four percent of the waters have nitrate concentrations
higher than the drinking water limit. Also limiting groundwater use for potable and domestic purposes are contents of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3
− and total hardness (TH) that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Irrigational suitability of groundwaters in
the study area was also evaluated, and results show that all the samples are fit for irrigation. Groundwater quality in the
Banana Plain is impeded by natural geology and anthropogenic activities, and proper groundwater management strategies are
necessary to protect sustainably this valuable resource. 相似文献
63.
64.
Gloria R. Leon Gro Mjeldheim Sandal Eric Larsen 《Journal of environmental psychology》2011,31(4):353-360
An overview of the physical, psychological, social, and coping aspects of living and working in polar regions is presented, assessing findings from both expedition teams and work groups. A personal narrative describing the experiences of a polar expeditioner is interspersed in relevant sections to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges of performing in an extreme environment. The application of findings from polar environments as an analog for space missions is discussed. We conclude that further research is needed on the integration of psychosocial and neurobehavioral adaptation. Furthermore, it is important to consider both the positive as well as negative features of living and working in polar and other extreme environments, and develop training strategies and countermeasure tools to optimize performance in these conditions. 相似文献