Exploiting plant metabolism for the phytoremediation of persistent herbicides

Weed control by herbicides has helped us to create the green revolution and to provide food for at least the majority of human beings living today. However, some herbicides remain in the environment and pose an ecological problem. The present review describes the properties and fate of four representative herbicides known to be presistent in ecosystems. Metabolic networks are depicted and it is concluded that removal of these compounds by the ecologically friendly technique of phytoremediation is possible. The largest problem is seen in the uptake of the compounds into suitable plants and the time needed for such an approach.     

EuroBionet: a pan-European biomonitoring network for urban air quality assessment

EuroBionet, the 'European Network for the Assessment of Air Quality by the Use of Bioindicator Plants', is an EU-funded cooperative project currently consisting of public authorities and scientific institutes from 12 cities in 8 countries. In 2000, the bioindicator plants tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Bel W3), poplar (Populus nigra 'Brandaris'), spiderwort (Tradescantia sp. clone 4430), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum italicum) and curly kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) were exposed to ambient air at 90 monitoring sites according to standardised methods. Visible injuries and growth parameters were assessed and the accumulation of toxic substances in leaves determined. The exposure of tobacco resulted in a gradient with low levels of ozone-induced foliar injury in N and NW Europe, and medium to high values in the southern and central regions. The results of heavy metal and sulphur analyses in rye grass samples generally showed low to very low sulphur and low to medium heavy metal concentrations in leaves. In some cities, however, local hot spots of heavy metal contamination were detected. Analyses of the PAH contents in curly kale leaves gave low to medium values, with locally elevated levels at traffic-exposed sites.     

Transfer of the fungicide vinclozolin from treated to untreated plants via volatilization

Head lettuce plantlets (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) were potted, treated with vinclozolin at the six-leaf stage according to application standards and allowed to dry for 24 h. The potted plantlets were then placed in either growth chambers with controlled temperature (20 and 25 degrees C, respectively) or in a greenhouse (approximately 12 degrees C), together with untreated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and standardized grass cultures (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ssp.) While the treated lettuce pots remained in the respective growing compartments until the end of the experiments, spinach and grass were exposed to the compartment air for 24 h and their shoot material was analyzed for vinclozolin by GC-ECD and GC-high resolution mass spectrometry. Exposure and analysis of untreated spinach and grass were carried out at two- or three-day intervals during the course of the experiments. Also, air samples were taken from the compartments at intervals and analyzed for vinclozolin. Maximum vinclozolin concentration in the growth chamber air was about 330 ng m(-3) while vinclozolin contamination of the untreated plants ranged from 50 to 200 microg kg(-1) FW (fresh weight). In the greenhouse atmospheric vinclozolin concentration reached approximately 15 ngm(-3) and maximum contamination of spinach and grass were 30-40 microg kg(-1) FW. Our data clearly show that unintended contamination of plants growing in the vicinity of vinclozolin-treated plants can occur even if the fungicide layer is completely dry. Implications for safety testing and food plants are discussed.     

Detection of organic pollutants in sandy soils via TDR and eigendecomposition

In this study, organic pollutants in sandy soils are detected using a time domain relectrometry (TDR) probe system and eigendecomposition technique. As a demonstration, four types of organic fluids (motor oil, diesel oil, methanol and ethanol) were examined. Samples were prepared with different combinations of deionized water and organic fluid contents. For each experiment, reflected signals were captured by an oscilloscope, and their characteristics were identified using eigendecomposition technique. Autoregressive modeling and singular value decomposition methods were utilized for calculating the eigenvalues. The most significant eigenvalues were then identified based on their relative magnitude. Experimental results indicated that the presented system is sensitive to both water and pore fluid organic contents. For saturated conditions, signature curves were determined for identification of organic and/or water contents in soil pore fluids.     

Trace metals, anions and polybromodiphenyl ethers in settled indoor dust and their association

Contaminants in settled indoor dust are potentially health hazardous to human. Thus, identification and quantification of toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust is of great concern. In this study, the levels of major anions ( $ \mathrm{C}{{\mathrm{l}}^{-}},\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_2}^{-},\mathrm{B}{{\mathrm{r}}^{-}},\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_3}^{-},\mathrm{P}{{\mathrm{O}}_4}^{3-}\,\mathrm{and}\,\mathrm{S}{{\mathrm{O}}_4}^{2- } $ ), trace metals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, As and Pb) and polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in settled office and home dust were determined and correlations between the contaminants investigated. Depending on the available materials in both microenvironments, the most possible sources were identified. The results showed that the settled office dusts (n?=?6 pooled samples from 85 offices) were more contaminated than home dusts (n?=?8 homes). For anions, $ \mathrm{S}{{\mathrm{O}}_4}^{2- } $ and Cl^– accounted for 87 and 97 % of the total office and home dust contaminants, respectively. For trace metals, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, accounted for 98 % of the contaminants in both office and home dust samples. Fe exhibited the highest percentage of 76.7 and 87.3 % in office and home dust samples, respectively. For PBDEs, the mean concentrations detected in office and home dust ranged between 5.8–86.3 and 1.5–20.6 ng?g^?1, respectively. The log-transformed correlation between the total concentrations of trace metals and major anions detected in offices and homes was positive for offices and negative for homes with a statistically significant values (r?=?0.73, p?<?0.01; r?= ?0.22, p?<?0.01, respectively). The daily exposure rates determined for the most hazardous such as As, Cd, Pb and PBDEs congeners, relative to the individual concentrations reported in the literature in settled indoor dust, were found very lower. Therefore, maybe it is possible to expect less potential health risk. Investigation of formation of coordination compounds between trace metals and PBDEs congeners is possible; however, this requires further study.     

Anaerobic incorporation of the radiolabeled explosive TNT and metabolites into the organic soil matrix of contaminated soil after different treatment procedures

Four bioreactor designs were performed to evaluate the level of incorporation of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and metabolites into the organic soil matrix of different anaerobically treated contaminated soils. The contaminated soils were amended with molasses slivers (80:20% per weight) as auxiliary substrate to enhance microbial activity. After 5 weeks (bioreactors 1 and 2), 8 weeks (bioreactor 3) and 12 weeks (bioreactor 4) of anaerobic incubation, we determined 41%, 58%, 72%, and 54%, respectively, of the initially applied radioactivity immobilized in various soil fractions. After alkaline hydrolyses of the solvent-extracted soils, low quantities of radiolabel were found in the humic and fulvic acid fractions, whereas the bulk of 14C activity was found to be strongly bound to the humin fraction (solid soil residues). The amounts of solvent extractable radioactivity were 53%, 40%, 16%, and 29% for bioreactors 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The level of TNT transformation at the end of the experiments was within 90-94%. Regarding the results presented in this study, we can assume that there is the possibility of high incorporation levels of TNT metabolites into the soil organic matrix mediated by microbial cometabolism under strictly anoxic conditions.     

Clearance of PCDD/Fs via the gastrointestinal tract in occupationally exposed persons.

A digestive tract mass balance was performed on six men with high body burdens of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Intake via food was measured by analyzing duplicate portions of the food consumed by the volunteers and excretion via feces was determined by quantitative collection and analysis of the feces. Blood samples were taken to determine the current body burden. The results showed that the quantity of non-metabolized chemical excreted in the feces clearly exceeded the uptake via food for all of the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and some of the PCDFs, indicating a significant clearance across the gastrointestinal tract. The concentrations of these PCDD/F congeners in blood and feces were highly correlated (r > 0.8), demonstrating that the fecal PCDD/F content was determined by the body burden. The half lives in the test persons due to fecal clearance of non-metabolized chemical were estimated from the excretion rate and the current body burden and ranged between 10 years (Cl8DD) and 33 years (2,3,4,7,8-Cl5DF). These were compared with the overall contaminant half-lives due to all clearance processes which were calculated from the body burden and the decrease in blood concentrations measured over several years. The fecal clearance of non-metabolized PCDD/F contributed on average between 37% (2,3,7,8-Cl4DD) and 90% (Cl8DD) to the total elimination. This indicates that the gastrointestinal pathway plays a decisive role in the clearance of most 2,3,7,8-subsituted PCDD/F congeners.     

Metabolism and body-burden of PCBs in lactating dairy cows.

This paper uses data from a detailed 4 month PCB mass balance study on lactating cows fed a naturally contaminated background diet to quantify the metabolism and body-burdens of a range of PCB congeners. Dietary intake fluxes and milk and faecal output fluxes reported previously are combined with subcutaneous fat and blood PCB concentrations and with data from tissue/organ samples from a slaughtered animal to estimate the degree of metabolism within the cow. A total body burden is derived, showing that fat deposits account for approximately 98% of total PCB present in the lactating cow. The daily intake through feed (ng day-1) accounted for between 0.9 and 1.5% of the total body burden for persistent congeners (e.g. PCB 153) and up to 43% for those congeners which are readily metabolised (e.g. PCB 52). Detailed balances for a range of tri- to octa-chlorinated PCBs are presented and clearly demonstrate that many congeners are metabolised effectively by lactating dairy cows (e.g. PCB 149) whilst others are efficiently transferred to human dairy food products. An approach to predicting the degree of metabolism for individual PCB congeners is presented which gives good agreement with observations.     

The influence of radical architecture on cadmium bioaccumulation in the black mangrove, Avicennia germinans L

Two groups of Avicennia germinans plants with differences in the radical architecture were exposed under hydroponic conditions to 95ppm of cadmium (Cd) for a period of 24h. Later, Cd concentration in roots, stems and leaves was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Our results showed that, for both groups of plants, the roots accumulated higher concentration of Cd as compared to stems and leaves, though, the plants of group B displayed enhanced radical architecture, better growth performance, and lower Cd concentration as compared to plants of group A. In contrast, low values of leaves/roots Cd transportation index, and bioaccumulation factor were found in plants of group B. These results suggest that the higher radical architecture developed in plants of group B might better adjust the uptake of Cd as a result of an integrated network of multiple response processes for instances, production of organic acids, antioxidative replay, cell-wall lignification and/or suberization. Further studies will be focused in understanding the role of the radical system in mangrove plants with the rhizosphere activation and root adsorption to soil Cd under natural conditions.