高职《园林CAD》项目教学的实践应用

介绍了《园林CAD》课程的项目化教学思路,从课程对应岗位群、教学内容的项目化处理、教学设计等3个方面阐述了项目化教学的实践应用。教学实践表明,该方法有效增强了学生学习专业知识的目的性,实现了理论教学和实践教学更好的衔接,有效提高了学生的岗位能力,取得了较好的教学效果,为类似专业课程的教学提供了参考。     

Replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: Ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in Sweden

Whereas there is evidence that mixed-species approaches to production forestry in general can provide positive outcomes relative to monocultures, it is less clear to what extent multiple benefits can be derived from specific mixed-species alternatives. To provide such insights requires evaluations of an encompassing suite of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and forest management considerations provided by specific mixtures and monocultures within a region. Here, we conduct such an assessment in Sweden by contrasting even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies)-dominated stands, with mixed-species stands of spruce and birch (Betula pendula or B. pubescens), or spruce and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). By synthesizing the available evidence, we identify positive outcomes from mixtures including increased biodiversity, water quality, esthetic and recreational values, as well as reduced stand vulnerability to pest and pathogen damage. However, some uncertainties and risks were projected to increase, highlighting the importance of conducting comprehensive interdisciplinary evaluations when assessing the pros and cons of mixtures.     

Rapid determination of trace dicyandiamide in mussels from Zhejiang coast by ultra-fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with isotope internal standard dilution technique

In this study, a rapid and accurate ultra-fast liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UFLC–MS/MS) method coupled with the isotope internal standard dilution technique was established and validated to determine trace dicyandiamide (DCD) in mussels. The sample was extracted by acetonitrile, and chromatographic separations were performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH Amide column by using water–acetonitrile (9:91, v/v) as the mobile phase within 3 min. DCD was determined by using DCD-¹⁵N₄ as an internal standard. The results showed that the recoveries were between 96.2 and 103 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) in the range of 0.6–6.0 %. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.05 μg/kg. This method can be applied to the routine analysis for the rapid and sensitive determination of trace DCD in mussels. Overall, the data reiterate the importance of investigating the presence of DCD in marine biological samples, which can act as food quality controls for human health.     

Heavy metals of the Tibetan top soils

Objective

Due to its high elevation, rare human activities and proximity to south Asia where industries are highly developed, it is required to investigate the fragile environment of the Tibetan Plateau. We are aiming to obtain the concentration level, source, spatial distribution, temporal variation and potential environmental risk of Tibetan soils.

Methods

A total of 128 surf ace soil samples were collected and analyzed f or V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb, and an additional 111 samples were analyzed f or Hg and total organic carbon. Concentration comparisons coupled with multivariate statistics were used to analysis the sources of elements of soils. We also carried out Risk assessment on the soils.

Results

Concentrations of Hg, Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb are slightly higher than those of the late 1970s. Concentrations of Cr and Ni are higher than averaged world background values. Tibetan soils present a high natural As concentration level.

Discussion

Anthropogenic sources may partly contribute to the elevated Hg, Cd and Pb concentrations. Cr and Ni are mainly originated from soil parent materials. Soil elements in Anduo and Qamdo regions may threaten the health of local people.

Conclusion

Heavy metal elements of Tibetan Plateau are mainly from the natural source. Arsenic present a high background level. Soil elements in Anduo and Qamdo regions may threaten the health of local people, which should be of concern to scientists and the government.     

菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究

为优化菜场垃圾压缩及脱水机械设计参数,获取最佳的压强值和垃圾在压缩仓内的保压时间,进行了菜场有机垃圾压缩脱水特性实验研究。通过压缩实验及对数据的分析,提出了有机垃圾压缩转运时的合理压缩强度范围为1.5～2.4 kg/cm2;通过压缩脱水实验及对数据的分析得到:压强一定时,保压时间越长,出水量越大;而保压时间一定时,压强增大,脱水率也增加,但2组数据变化均为非线性。对大白菜的实验表明,其合理的脱水压强和保压时间分别为2.4 kg/cm2和30 s左右。     

在线超声对流化床膜生物反应器污泥混合液性能影响的研究

在流化床膜生物反应器中引入在线超声辐射来控制膜污染,超声功率为300 W、频率分别为中频(50 kHz)和中低频(50 kHz和25 kHz)混合频率,考察了在线超声对反应器内混合液性能的影响及对膜污染的控制效果。结果表明,中频超声辐射不会对反应器内混合液的污泥浓度和粘度产生显著影响,而中低频超声辐射会降低混合液的污泥浓度并造成混合液粘度的升高。2种频率的超声辐射对污泥混合液的过滤性能和污泥活性都有一定的改善作用。连续运行26 d和29d后,在中频和中低频超声辐射的作用下,超声流化床膜生物反应器比普通流化床膜生物反应器的跨膜压差分别低8 kPa和14 kPa,说明2种频率的在线超声均可显著延缓膜污染。     

改进分光光度法测Ni以规避大量干扰离子

为测定含大量干扰离子的水样中镍的浓度,提出一种改进的分光光度法。即以多种物质的吸光曲线回归方程,将实时测得的水样吸光度分解成多种物质的吸光度,利用多元一次方程进行求解并计算出浓度的方法。新方法在不进行修正时,对含Cr6+干扰的水样Ni2+测定的结果,误差较小。多组分的水样测量吸光度误差较大,通过引入修正系数修正后误差大幅下降。方法中Ni2+、Fe3+的吸光度与显色时间基本无关;而对于Mn2+、Cu2+和Cr6+,显色时间应控制在0.5～2.5 min内或10 min外,以保证测得吸光度值的稳定与准确。对组成不同的含Mn2+和Fe3+水样测得的Ni2+浓度分析,变异系数(CV)4.74%,检出限为0.275 mg/L,精确度和精密度较好。同时,这种规避方法还具有其他作用,可以在分析组分的同时粗略算出含量。     

含氟离子和氯离子酸性废水处理技术

本实验研究了石灰乳和铝酸钠处理废水中的氟离子和氯离子的效果。通过正交实验得出:影响除氟离子效果因素的主次顺序为:pH值>氟离子浓度>反应时间;影响除氯离子效果因素的主次顺序为:氯离子浓度>铝酸钠与氯离子的质量浓度比>反应时间。通过单因素实验得出:在pH=9、反应时间为5 min的条件下,废水中氟离子含量可由370.37mg/L降低到2 mg/L以下,去除率可达99.45%;在铝酸钠与氯离子的质量浓度比为1∶10,反应时间为5 min的条件下,废水中氯离子含量可由503.4 mg/L降低到201 mg/L以下,去除率可达60%。     

含油量对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的影响

在35℃条件下,研究了不同含油量（0％、1％、2％、3％、4％、5％）餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化过程中日产气量、甲烷含量、总固体（TS）、挥发性固体（VS）、干物质产气率等的变化,为后续餐厨垃圾连续发酵的预处理提供参考。结果表明：5％含油量餐厨厌氧发酵周期最长,累计产气量最大,为5800mL。在消化过程中,沼气中甲烷含量先上升后下降,最高可达76％;于物质产气率随含油量增大而增大,依次为497．4、506．1、543．8、554．4、590．7和600．1mL／gTS;5％含油餐厨垃圾的TS和VS去除率最大,分别为34．4％和42．9％。     

活性染料K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在椰壳活性炭上的脱色性能

开展椰壳活性炭对活性染料K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R的吸附脱色研究。发现K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在该型活性炭上的吸附脱色率均随初始pH值的降低、温度的升高、染料初始浓度的降低、活性炭用量的增加以及NaCl盐度的增加而增加。在pH=7和T=25℃下,K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在活性炭上的等温吸附规律符合Langmuir模型方程,最大饱和吸附量Qmax分别为263.15、256.41和250 mg/g,吸附自由能△G298 K分别为-10.632、-3.783和-2.805 kJ/mol;该条件下K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R的动力学吸附规律均符合准一级动力学吸附方程。等温吸附研究和吸附动力学研究均表明,相同条件下3种活性染料在该型活性炭上的吸附效果由高到低的顺序为:K-2BP>KN-B>KN-R。