金属半导体纳米粒子对水培水稻幼苗的毒性及吸收转运规律

金属半导体纳米粒子由于其独特的理化性质被广泛应用于工业生产和科学研究,而遗留在水环境中的金属半导体纳米粒子对植物的危害程度和累积水平还有待研究和完善.本文以水稻为实验对象,通过水培试验研究了氧化铜纳米粒子(CuONPs)、氧化锌纳米粒子(ZnONPs)和硫化锌纳米粒子(ZnSNPs)在不同浓度(10、50和100 mg·L~(-1))下的植物毒性及其在水稻体内的吸收转运行为.纳米粒子悬浮液的粒径分布和Zeta电位分析结果表明,CuONPs在水中的分散性和稳定性高于ZnONPs和ZnSNPs.ZnONPs悬浮液中溶解的金属离子量高于CuONPs和ZnSNPs悬浮液.毒性实验结果表明,较高浓度(50和100 mg·L~(-1))的ZnONPs和CuONPs不同程度地阻碍了水稻幼苗的生长,增加了根系中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,降低了根系活力和叶片中的叶绿素含量.50和100 mg·L~(-1)的ZnONPs导致根系鲜重分别降低至对照组的47.3%和44.3%,100 mg·L~(-1)ZnONPs和CuONPs使根系活力由对照组的710.4μg·g-1·h~(-1)分别降低至150.0和481.9μg·g-1·h~(-1).ZnSNPs在实验设置浓度下体现了促进水稻生长的作用.10 mg·L~(-1)的ZnSNPs使地上部分鲜重增加到对照组的109.8%,100 mg·L~(-1)时使根系活力提高到了对照组的2倍.Zn的选择性吸收和生物转运系数均高于Cu,本研究结果证明了金属半导体纳米粒子的植物毒性和累积水平与纳米粒子在水中的理化性质及植物对不同毒物的反应程度有关.     

祁连山老虎沟冰芯草酸根和氟离子的记录及环境意义

2006年6月,在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔5040 m的粒雪盆钻取的20.12 m冰芯,该冰芯定年至1960年.本文分析了冰芯样品中草酸根和氟离子含量,冰芯所记录的过去46年草酸根的平均含量为（18.52±2.4）ng.g-1,其含量变化与气温变化具有很好的一致性,表明气温可能是影响草酸根浓度变化的因素之一.20世纪...     

Effects of lead and zinc mining contamination on bacterial community diversity and enzyme activities of vicinal cropland

In the process of mining activity, many kinds of heavy metals enter into soils with dust, causing serious contamination to the environment. In this study, six soils were sampled from cropland at different distances from a lead/zinc mine in Heilongjiang Province, China. The total contents of lead and zinc in the vicinal cropland exceeded the third level of environmental quality standard for soil in China, which indicated that soils in this area were moderately contaminated. Bacterial community diversity and population were greatly decreased when the concentrations of lead and zinc were beyond 1,500 and 995 mg kg(-1), respectively, as analyzed by plate counting and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The bands of DGGE patterns varied with the degree of contamination. The activities of soil urease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase were negatively correlated with the concentrations of lead and zinc. The highest inhibitory effect of heavy metals on soil enzyme activities was observed in urease. It was noted that PCR-DGGE patterns combined with soil enzyme activity analysis can be indices for the soil quality assessment by heavy metal contamination.     

Effects of silver nanoparticles with different dosing regimens and exposure media on artificial ecosystem

Due to the wide use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in various fields, it is crucial to explore the potential negative impacts on the aquatic environment of AgNPs entering into the environment in different ways. In this study, comparative experiments were conducted to investigate the toxicological impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) with two kinds of dosing regimens, continuous and one-time pulsed dosing, in different exposure media (deionized water and XiangJiang River water). There were a number of quite different experimental results (including 100% mortality of zebrafish, decline in the activity of enzymes, and lowest number and length of adventitious roots) in the one-time pulsed dosing regimen at high PVP-AgNP concentration exposure (HOE) compared to the three other treatments. Meanwhile, we determined that the concentration of leached silver ions from PVP-AgNPs was too low to play a role in zebrafish death. Those results showed that HOE led to a range of dramatic ecosystem impacts which were more destructive than those of other treatments. Moreover, compared with the continuous dosing regimen, despite the fact that higher toxicity was observed for HOE, there was little difference in the removal of total silver from the aquatic environment for the different dosing regimens. No obvious differences in ecological impacts were observed between different water columns under low concentration exposure. Overall, this work highlighted the fact that the toxicity of AgNPs was impacted by different dosing regimens in different exposure media, which may be helpful for assessments of ecological impacts on aquatic environments.     

基于WRFDA-Chem的中国大气成分数据再分析方法研究

大气成分数据是开展空气质量预报、认识大气污染形成机理、评估空气污染各种效应的基础,而融合了模式结果和观测资料的大气成分再分析数据则有更广泛的应用价值.本文基于WRFDA-Chem空气质量模型和三维变分同化技术,逐时同化地面站点污染物浓度观测资料 （包括PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃、SO₂、NO₂及CO）,建立了大气成分数据再分析的方法.以2019年7月和12月为例,构建空间分辨率为10 km、时间分辨率为1 h的全国大气成分再分析数据,并对该方法的性能进行了检验.结果表明,经过再分析后的大气成分数据的时间变化趋势和空间分布得到显著改善,其中,7月PM_2.5 和O₃的平均偏差分别降低了55%和39%,相关系数分别提升了77%和7%,达到0.80和0.98;12月PM_2.5 和O₃的平均偏差分别降低了55%和68%,相关系数分别提升了58%和13%,达到0.98和0.98.综合而言,基于WRFDA-Chem逐小时同化全国站点空气质量监测资料,能够得到高时空分辨率的大气成分再分析数据,可以为认识我国大气污染的演变特征和制定科学的管控措施提供有效支撑.     

Characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds during spring O3 pollution episode in Chengdu, China

Surface ozone (O₃) has become a critical pollutant impeding air quality improvement in many Chinese megacities. Chengdu is a megacity located in Sichuan Basin in southwest China, where O₃ pollution occurs frequently in both spring and summer. In order to understand the elevated O₃ during spring in Chengdu, we conducted sampling campaign at three sites during O₃ pollution episodes in April. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compositions at each site were similar, and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) concentrations accounted for the highest proportion (35%-45%), followed by alkanes, alkens (including acetylene), halohydrocarbons, and aromatics. The sensitivity of O₃ to its precursors was analyzed using an observation based box model. The relative incremental reactivity of OVOCs was larger than other precursors, suggesting that they also played the dominant role in O₃ formation. Furthermore, the positive matrix factorization model was used to identify the dominant emission sources and to evaluate their contribution to VOCs in the city. The main sources of VOCs in spring were from combustion (27.75%), industrial manufacturing (24.17%), vehicle exhaust (20.35%), and solvent utilization (18.35%). Discussions on VOCs and NO_x reduction schemes suggested that Chengdu was typical in the VOC-limited regime, and VOC emission reduction would help to prevent and control O₃. The analysis of emission reduction scenarios based on VOCs sources showed that the emission reduction ratio of VOCs to NO₂ needs to reach more than 3 in order to achieve O₃ prevention. Emission reduction from vehicular exhaust source and solvent utilization source may be more effective.     

钯基催化剂电催化氢解处理氯代有机物的研究进展

氯代有机物(COPs)是一类重要的化工生产原料和中间体,但其高持久性、高生物累积性、致癌性及遗传毒性将对生态环境和人体健康造成巨大危害. 开发消除COPs毒性的新型技术,实现人与自然和谐共生,成为国际学术界和工业界共同关注的焦点. 电催化氢解技术(ECH)因具有高反应活性、结构简单、二次污染风险小等优势而备受青睐. 本文系统综述了钯(Pd)基催化剂上的ECH反应机制,探究强还原性氢自由基(H*)的定量分析方法,揭示脱氯反应与析氢副反应间的竞争关系. 通过分析H*产量、污染物脱附、电场等因素对脱氯速率的影响规律,建立晶面与效能间构效关系,识别不同反应条件下制约ECH速率的因素. 聚焦阴极催化活性低、易受脱氯产物毒化的关键问题,通过暴露Pd活性中心位点、强化水裂解、调控电子效应和配体效应及几何效应等策略增强催化剂产H*量和抗毒化性能. 开展ECH脱氯反应路径识别、脱氯性能影响因素探讨以及生物安全性评价,并基于当前存在的关键科学问题,展望ECH技术的发展趋势,为设计和发展实用型环境催化新技术和新型催化材料指明方向.      

废液晶显示器偏光片水热产乳酸研究

以废液晶显示面板中的偏光片为原料,对其进行水热产乳酸研究,并考察了反应温度(250～375℃)、反应时间(1～11min)以及氧化剂(体积分数为30％的H2O2)投加量(0～1.0 mL)对乳酸产率的影响.结果表明,反应温度、反应时间均会对偏光片水热产乳酸产生一定影响,乳酸产率随反应温度和反应时间的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势,最佳水热条件为反应温度350℃,反应时间5 min,此时乳酸产率达17％左右.投加氧化剂能显著提高乳酸的产率,在最佳水热条件下,氧化剂投加量为0.6 mL时乳酸的产率可提高到21％.     

Enhancement of sludge gravitational thickening with weak ultrasound

Gravitational thickening is the prevailing method to reduce sludge volume but the process is slow and usually requires addition of polyelectrolyte(s). This paper investigated the potential benefits of sonication on enhancing the sludge gravitational thickening with very low energy dose, so called “weak ultrasound”. Results showed that weak sonication significantly changed the sludge settlability and the main mechanism was release of the loosely bounded extracellular polymeric substances. The changes in sludge behaviors by sonication were strongly influenced by power density and sonication duration. Lower sound frequency was slightly better than higher frequency. Weak sonication (<680 kJ·kg^-1 DS) improved the sludge gravitational thickening while high ultrasonic energy deteriorated the process. Considering both the sludge thickening efficiency and energy consumption, the optimum conditions were 0.15 W·mL^-1, 7 s, and 25 kHz. Under such conditions, the energy dose was only 155 kJ·kg^-1 DS, much lower than literature reports, and the sludge settling time was shortened from 24 h to 12?h. Weak sonication could substitute expensive polyelectrolyte coagulant for sludge thickening. Combination of weak sonication and polyelectrolyte could further reduce the settling time to 6 h. The final water content of the thickened sludge was not changed after sonication or polyelectrolyte addition.     

多炉一塔脱硫工艺烟气系统的优化

多炉一塔脱硫工艺的烟气系统通常设置GGH和增压风机,但在工程实践中会出现较多运行问题,如失速、喘振、高能耗等。以某自备电厂3台220t/h燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫工程为例,针对多炉一塔湿法脱硫工艺是否设置GGH和增压风机进行了技术经济分析,并对烟气系统的控制监测方案进行了优化,最终采取了取消GGH、改造引风机、优化烟气系统控制监测的设计方案。可为小型燃煤电厂多炉一塔脱硫工艺提供参考。