Estimation and inter-comparison of dust aerosols based on MODIS, MISR and AERONET retrievals over Asian desert regions

This study presents detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations and trend of dust optical properties i.e., Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) and Angstrom component over Asian desert regions using thirteen years of data(i.e., 2001–2013) retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR). These regions include Solar Village, Dunhuang and Dalangzadgad and are considered as origin of desert aerosols in Asia. Mann–Kendall trend test was used to show the trend of AOD. The relationship of AOD with weather parameters and general AOD trend over different wavelengths has also been shown. AOD's trend has been observed significant throughout the year in Solar Village, while in Dunhuang and Dalanzadgad the significant trend has been found only in peak period(March–June).Analysis show high values of AOD and low values of angstrom in Solar Village during peak period. In Chinese desert regions, high values of AOD have been found during peak period and low values in pre-peak period. Significant relationship has been observed between AOD and average temperature in Solar Village and Dalanzadgad whereas rainfall and wind speed showed no significant impact on AOD in all desert regions.     

城市生态环境质量评价方法探讨

文章采用综合指数法评价城市生态环境质量,首先确定选择评价指标的原则,然后确定评价指标及其权重,并根据评价指标的指数值计算城市生态环境质量综合指数值,再根据城市生态环境质量综合指数值确定城市生态环境的状态。     

刍议哈尔滨市农业生态环境的特点

农业生态系统是在一定时间和地区内,人类从事农业生产,利用农业生物与非生物环境之间以及与生物种群之间的关系,在人工调节和控制下,建立起来的各种形式和不同发展水平的农业生产体系,其环境、气候、化肥虽在表面上没有什么必然的联系,但却互相影响、制约,对农业生态系统的变化起着重要的作用。笔者结合哈尔滨农业生态系统中化肥、气候及环境三者之间的相互关系进行了分析,就如何进一步改善农业生态环境,促进农业更好发展,提出了建议。     

铜绿假单胞菌对铜和铅的吸附

研究了铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)对Cu和Pb的吸附特性.结果表明,相同条件下,该菌株对Cu~(2+)的吸附率低于Pb~(2+).对于单一重金属体系,吸附率均随时间的延长先上升后平稳变化,2 h达到稳定.吸附率随投菌量的增加先迅速增加,之后趋于平稳.对于Cu~(2+),投菌量为1 g·L~(-1)时吸附率达到稳定,而Pb~(2+)的吸附效果达到平稳时的投菌量为0.5 g·L~(-1).单位质量菌体对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附量随投菌量的增加而下降.pH为3时,菌体的吸附效果较差,当pH为5~8时,2种重金属的吸附效果较高.对于活菌,Pb~(2+)对菌体吸附Cu~(2+)有抑制作用,而Cu~(2+)对菌体吸附Pb~(2+)的影响无明显规律.对于失活菌,P.aeruginosa吸附Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的效果均随共存重金属浓度的增大而降低,但Cu~(2+)对Pb~(2+)的影响比Pb~(2+)对Cu~(2+)的影响更显著.扫描电镜观察发现,吸附后的菌体较吸附前聚集性更好.总体而言,P.aeruginosa能对水体中共存的Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)有较好的吸附效果.     

二氧化碳捕集利用与封存项目纳入碳市场的现状、挑战与对策

二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存（CCUS）被认为是燃煤和燃气电厂以及钢铁、水泥和石化等行业实现碳中和的重要技术选项,而碳市场则是重要的市场化减排机制,提高两者的衔接水平,对于我国“双碳”目标的实现具有重要意义。通过总结国际上CCUS项目与碳市场衔接的成功经验,可以为我国CCUS项目与碳市场衔接提供相关借鉴。本文系统梳理了国内外CCUS项目纳入碳市场的立法、激励政策、CCUS减排核算方法学研究情况,识别出我国在CCUS项目与碳市场衔接方面尚存在法律支撑不足、缺乏激励政策以及CCUS项目碳减排核算方法不准确等一系列问题,最后提出多项建议以推动我国CCUS项目与碳市场的衔接：①完善碳市场监管和法律体系,促进CCUS与碳市场衔接;②研判CCUS优先领域,分阶段促进不同行业CCUS项目纳入碳交易市场;③强化政策激励,打通CCUS与碳市场衔接的投融资与成本疏导路径;④分阶段完善碳交易市场建设,充分发挥碳市场金融属性促进CCUS与碳交易市场衔接;⑤建立完善的监测、报告和核查（MRV）标准体系和证书制度,保证CCUS项目减排量核证的准确性和规范性。     

Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

锅炉磨煤机启停不投油的试验分析

针对火电厂磨煤机启停时锅炉需投油助燃,增加发电成本的问题,华能大坝电厂对现有的磨煤机启停规程进行调整,对 4 台锅炉的磨煤机在设定条件下进行了启停不投油试验,确定了磨煤机启停时对应的燃烧器不投助燃油的锅炉运行条件。应用结果表明:实施磨煤机启停燃烧器不投油技术后,大坝电厂 4 台机组 2014 年至少节约燃油 575 t,约合人民币 413 万多元,经济效益非常显著。     

三江平原白浆土不同土地利用类型Fe2+分布特征

土壤铁元素由高价态转化为低价态(二价铁),是土壤中铁元素移动的主要途径.为了探讨三江平原不同土地利用类型Fe2 分布情况及影响因素,文章通过在三江平原典型白浆土区采取水田、旱田、草地、林地4种不同土地利用类型样点,对其Fe2 含量及其影响因子进行对比研究分析.结果表明:土壤表层(0~10 cm)Fe2 含量高低顺序为水田>草地>旱田>林地,主要影响因子为水分状况和pH值(r=0.851,r=0.909,p＜0.01),其中水田Fe2 含量(305.5 mg·kg-1)明显高于林地和旱田(30~40 mg·kg-1),是其含量的8~10倍;草地除表层(0~20 cm)Fe2 含量低于水田外,以下各层含量均高于其它土地利用类型;草地、旱田、林地Fe2 含量垂直分布规律相似:表层(0~10 cm)及白浆层(30~40 cm)含量略高,40 cm以下Fe2 含量持续缓慢递减,相关分析表明旱田、草地主要影响因子为土壤pH值(r=-0.871,r=0.795,p＜0.05),林地影响因子相关性均不显著;水田垂直变化趋势与其它3种类型相比有所不同,表层最高达305.5 mg·kg-1,至40 cm深处急剧递减至35.2 mg·kg-1,以下无明显变化,主要影响因子为水分状况和TOC(r=0.962,r=0.991,p＜0.01).     

复合混凝在去除清淤底泥余水中溶解性有机质的应用研究

为揭示复合混凝对湖泊底泥中溶解性有机质(DOM)的去除机制,以白洋淀清淤底泥余水中DOM为研究对象,以聚合氯化铝(PAC)为混凝剂、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵水溶液(HCA)为助凝剂,分体系探究复合混凝对余水中DOM的去除作用。结果表明：两种混凝体系对DOM的去除效率没有明显差异,当PAM为4 mg/L,PAC为35 mg/L时PAM助凝体系对COD去除率最大达86.6%,HCA为1.0 mg/L时,PAC为35 mg/L时HCA助凝体系对COD去除率最大达83.9%;在混凝时,DOM中共轭键及杂原子中未成键电子区域同絮凝剂作用,活性中心分布不均且敏感性不强;复合混凝后,DOM中芳香类蛋白、类富里酸组分得到有效的去除;复合混凝对DOM相对分子质量小于50 Da的小分子组分有较好的去除效果;通过调节PAC投加量可控制DOM脱稳情况进而影响DOM的去除效果。