Aerobic biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Aerobic biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the influence of co-metabolic substrates and heavy metal cadmium ion was studied, The results showed that certain amount of co-metabolic substrates, such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, starch, and beef extract, would promote the biodegradation of PBDE-209, among which glucose most favorably accelerated PBDE-209 degradation by about 36% within 5 d. The highest degradation efficiency was reached at the ratio of PBDE-209 and glucose 1:5 while excessive carbon source would actually hamper the degradation efficiency. Exploration of influences of cadmium ion on PBDE-209 biodegradation indicated that degradation efficiency was stimulated at low concentrations of Cd²⁺ (0.5–2 mg L⁻¹) while inhibited at higher levels (5–10 mg L⁻¹), inferring that the heavy metals of different concentrations possessed mixed reactions on PBDE-209 bioremoval. Bromine ion was produced during the biotransformation process and its concentration had a good negative correlation with the residues of PBDE-209. Two nonabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-208, PBDE-207), four octabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-203, PBDE-202, PBDE-197, PBDE-196) and one heptabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-183) were formed with the decomposition of PBDE-209, demonstrating that the main aerobic transformation mechanism of PBDE-209 was debromination.     

超亲水石墨烯/二氧化硅复合膜的制备优化和表征

膜表面亲水性是主导膜污染发生的关键因素,亲水膜的抗污染能力较强。基于氧化石墨烯(GO)和氨基修饰的纳米SiO_2之间的自组装反应,分别通过真空抽滤、多巴胺辅助抽滤、热辅助法以及高温煅烧辅助抽滤法制备了多种GO/SiO_2复合膜,结合纯水接触角测定、表面官能团分析以及电镜观察等,对制备方法和条件进行了优化。结果表明:高温煅烧法制备的超亲水GO/SiO_2复合膜,其初始接触角为6.1°,并于2 s内,在膜表面实现完全铺展,表现出超亲水特性;此外,所制备的GO/SiO_2超亲水膜的纯水通量分别是传统PVDF超滤膜、超亲水SiO_2/PVDF复合膜和0.22μm有机商业膜的3.21、11.10和1.22倍,显示出良好的应用潜力。     

Assessment and management of the performance risk of a pilot reclaimed water disinfection process

Chlorination disinfection has been widely used in reclaimed water treatment plants to ensure water quality. In order to assess the downstream quality risk of a running reclaimed water disinfection process, a set of dynamic equations was developed to simulate reactions in the disinfection process concerning variables of bacteria, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, ammonia and monochloramine. The model was calibrated by the observations obtained from a pilot disinfection process which was designed to simulate the actual process in a reclaimed water treatment plant. A Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to calculate the predictive effluent quality distributions that were used in the established hierarchical assessment system for the downstream quality risk, and the key factors affecting the downstream quality risk were defined using the Regional Sensitivity Analysis method. The results showed that the seasonal upstream quality variation caused considerable downstream quality risk; the effluent ammonia was significantly influenced by its upstream concentration; the upstream COD was a key factor determining the process effluent risk of bacterial, COD and residual disinfectant indexes; and lower COD and ammonia concentrations in the infiuent would mean better downstream quality.     

The influence of particle size and concentration combined with pH on coagulation mechanisms

In order to evaluate the influence of particle size and particle concentration on the coagulation process, two kinds of particle suspensions, nanoparticles and microparticles,were employed to investigate the effect of particle size on coagulation mechanisms with varying coagulation parameters. Results showed that it is easier for nanoparticles to cause self-aggregation because of Brownian motion, while interception and sedimentation are the mainly physical processes affecting particle transport for microparticles, so they are more stable and disperse more easily. The particle size distribution and particle concentration had distinct influence on the coagulation mechanisms. Under neutral conditions, as the amount of coagulant increased, the coagulation mechanism for nanoparticles changed from charge neutralization to sweep flocculation and the nanoparticles became destabilized, re-stabilized and again destabilized. For microparticles, although the coagulation mechanism was the same as that of nanoparticles, the increased rate of aluminum hydroxide precipitation exceeded the adsorption of incipiently formed soluble alum species, resulting in the disappearance of the re-stabilization zone. Under acidic conditions, Brownian motion dominates for nanoparticles at low particle concentrations, while sweep flocculation is predominant at high particle concentrations. As for microparticles, charge neutralization and sweep flocculation are the mechanisms for low and high particle concentrations respectively.Under alkaline condition, although the mechanisms for both nano-and microparticles are the same, the morphology of flocs and the kinetics of floc formation are different. At low particle concentrations, nanoparticles have larger growth rate and final size of flocs, while at high particle concentrations, nanoparticles have higher fractal dimension and recovery factors.     

污水处理行业温室气体核算模型开发及减排潜力分析

城镇污水处理行业是我国现代化进程中不可或缺的一部分,它承担着城镇污水处理和减排的重要作用,在运行过程中不可避免会产生大量的温室气体。本研究基于污水处理过程中的温室气体排放机理及排放因子法,构建了污水处理温室气体核算模型,并应用于国内典型的某厌氧—缺氧—好氧工艺的污水处理厂。研究结果表明,开发的模型能够有效识别出厌氧—缺氧—好氧工艺温室气体排放占比较高的环节,该环节为污水处理过程中电耗和污水处理过程中的甲烷排放,其在整个温室气体排放系统内占比高达93.09%。污水处理厂可以采取减小曝气量的措施使溶解氧达到2 ～ 3 mg/L,从而降低污水处理系统曝气电耗;另外,优化泵及鼓风机的运行,选用变频调速水泵等措施,可以降低污水提升环节能耗,达到温室气体间接减排的目的。污水处理厂还可以采取甲烷产能回收利用措施,将CH₄燃烧产生的能量作为污水处理系统内的能源供应,这样不仅可以有效减少污水处理厂的能耗,而且可以实现污水处理过程中温室气体排放减量化。     

复合惰气在采空区遗煤中竞争吸附的分子动力学模拟研究*

为明确作用于采空区的复合惰气的竞争吸附,进行不同温度、压力及组分下烟煤对N2、O2、CO2多元气体竞争吸附分子的模拟研究。研究结果表明:当注入压力达到3 MPa后,竞争吸附效果不再明显,为高压注入提供一定的理论基础;随着CO2分压的增大,O2吸附量降低速度逐渐平缓,初步确定最佳注入配比范围为2∶1至3∶1,为进一步结合实际工程中成本等因素确定最佳注入配比提供参考;等量吸附热受吸附条件的影响较小,仅与吸附质本身有关;随着CO2分压的增大,范德华能升高56.9%,分子内能升高78.7%,静电能升高67.2%,CO2对整个系统内的吸附作用强度及吸附量有着较大的影响;随着CO2分压增大,N2竞争吸附能力逐渐弱于O2,竞争吸附能力大小顺序为CO2>O2>N2。     

上海市大气颗粒物中金属元素特征

分析上海市５个采样点，１９８６年至１９８７年连续１２个月的大气颗粒物样品中的１１种金属元素含量。结果表明，市区各功能区之间，以及各个季节之间，元素分布特征差异；细粒子中的重金属元素主要受局部地区工业源和气象条件的影响；与其它城市相比，上海市大气颗粒物中的重金属元素含量高数倍；通过粒径－成份以及富集因子分析，探讨了这些元素的来源。     

硫精矿中单质硫提取的实验和工艺过程

针对某些单质硫含量较高的硫精矿中硫磺的提取进行实验和工艺过程研究,得到了硫单质完全分离的时间-温度曲线,确定最适分离温度为300℃—350℃,并比较了不同气氛下（N2气氛和还原性气氛）硫精矿样品热处理前后组分的变化,发现在500℃还原性气氛下可以得到纯度较高的FeS产物.根据实验结果,提出了一种适用于某些单质硫含量较高...     

MBR与MBBR工艺处理玉米深加工废水的对比分析

对比分析MBR和MBBR工艺对玉米深加工废水的处理效果及系统稳定运行能力。结果表明,2个工艺对COD、NH4+-N、TN平均去除率分别为93.6%、85.8%,91.5%、80.1%,43.8%、41.3%,MBR工艺污染物去除能力优于MBBR,具有更为稳定良好的出水水质;试验期间,MBR工艺COD、NH4+-N去除率基本稳定在80%以上,系统有机负荷及氨氮负荷波动范围小于MBBR,表现出较强的耐冲击负荷能力。结果还显示,工艺进水COD/NH4+-N浓度增加,将对NH4+-N去除产生不利影响。     

疏浚底泥改良土壤理化性质促进芦苇快速定植研究

采用盆栽实验考察了湖泊疏浚底泥和河道疏浚底泥不同利用方式下对土壤基底性质的改良进而促进水生植物芦苇快速定植扩繁效果.试验结果表明,湖泊底泥在竹炭改良利用方式下(L-A实验组)可提高芦苇单位面积分蘖数增长率,最高可达(3.06±0.36) m~(-2)·d~(-1),在与绿化土壤混合利用方式下(L-M实验组)可提高芦苇株高,最高达(155.5±0.7) cm;而河道底泥在与绿化土壤混合利用方式下(R-M实验组)芦苇的单位面积分蘖数增长率和株高效果最优,分别可达(4.76±0.18) m~(-2)·d~(-1)和(139.5±3.5) cm.分析原因发现,施加底泥可以明显降低土壤容重,并提高有机质和磷含量,从而促进芦苇分蘖数增长率的提高.基底微生物群落多样性和群落中Micrococcaceae(微球菌)的丰度也显著提高,进一步证实了施加底泥可以改良基底理化性质从而促进芦苇快速定植.