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131.
132.
J. Neil Cape Richard Hamilton Mathew R. Heal 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(5):1116-1123
The reaction of ozone (O3) with α-pinene has been studied as a function of temperature and relative humidity and in the presence of wax surfaces that simulate a leaf surface. The objective was to determine whether the presence of a wax surface, in which α-pinene could dissolve and form a high surface concentration, would lead to enhanced reaction with O3. The reaction of O3 itself with the empty stainless steel reactor and with aluminium and wax surfaces demonstrated an apparent activation energy of around 30 kJ mol?1 for all the surfaces, similar to that observed in long-term field measurements of O3 fluxes to vegetation. However, the absolute reaction rate was 14 times greater for aluminium foil and saturated hydrocarbon wax surfaces than for stainless steel, and a further 5 times greater for beeswax than hydrocarbon wax. There was no systematic dependence on either relative or absolute humidity for these surface reactions over the range studied (20–100% RH). Reaction of O3 with α-pinene occurred at rates close to those predicted for the homogeneous gas-phase reaction, and was similar for both the empty reactor and in the presence of wax surfaces. The hypothesis of enhanced reaction at leaf surfaces caused by enhanced surface concentrations of α-pinene was therefore rejected. Comparison of surface decomposition reactions on different surfaces as reported in the literature with the results obtained here demonstrates that the loss of ozone at the earth's surface by decomposition to molecular oxygen (i.e. without oxidative reaction with a substrate) can account for measured ‘non-stomatal’ deposition velocities of a few mm s?1. In order to quantify such removal, the effective molecular surface area of the vegetation/soil canopy must be known. Such knowledge, combined with the observed temperature-dependence, provides necessary input to global-scale models of O3 removal from the troposphere at the earth's surface. 相似文献
133.
Henry P. Huntington Lawrence C. Hamilton Craig Nicolson Ronald Brunner Amanda Lynch Astrid E. J. Ogilvie Alexey Voinov 《Regional Environmental Change》2007,7(4):173-186
Human dimensions research focuses on the interrelationships between humans and the environment. To date, human dimensions
research in arctic regions has concentrated primarily on local events and contexts. As such, it complements analysis elsewhere
of adaptation and sustainable development within broad institutional, social, and environmental contexts. This paper reviews
five projects from the Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) initiative, established by the US National Science Foundation
in 1997. Common themes and findings are highlighted: climatic variations or change affect societies through interactions with
human activities; population dynamics provide key quantitative indicators of social impacts and well being; and specific impacts
and responses are the result of complex, context-sensitive interactions. Congruent approaches to the challenges of interdisciplinary
research are also identified: multivariate time plots aid the integration of data, retrospective and prospective studies are
part of a continuum and reinforce one another, comparative studies are essential for understanding general principles of human
dimensions, and arctic residents can play a vital role in research and action. 相似文献
134.
Thalassa McMurdo Hamilton Stefano Canessa Katie Clark Pani Gleeson Fiona Mackenzie Troy Makan Gena Moses-Te Kani Shona Oliver Kevin A. Parker John G. Ewen 《Conservation biology》2021,35(4):1162-1173
Ko koe ki tēnā, ko ahau ki tēnai kīwai o te kete (you at that, and I at this handle of the basket). This Māori (New Zealanders of indigenous descent) saying conveys the principle of cooperation—we achieve more through working together, rather than separately. Despite decades of calls to rectify cultural imbalance in conservation, threatened species management still relies overwhelmingly on ideas from Western science and on top-down implementation. Values-based approaches to decision making can be used to integrate indigenous peoples’ values into species conservation in a more meaningful way. We used such a values-based method, structured decision making, to develop comanagement of pekapeka (Mystacina tuberculata) (short-tailed bat) and tara iti (Sternula nereis davisae) (Fairy Tern) between Māori and Pākehā (New Zealanders of European descent). We implemented this framework in a series of workshops in which facilitated discussions were used to gather expert knowledge to predict outcomes and make management recommendations. For both species, stakeholders clearly stated their values as fundamental objectives from the start, which allowed alternative strategies to be devised that naturally addressed their diverse values, including mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge and perspectives). On this shared basis, all partners willingly engaged in the process, and decisions were largely agreed to by all. Most expectations of conflicts between values of Western science and Māori culture were unfounded. Where required, positive compromises were made by jointly developing alternative strategies. The values-based process successfully taha wairua taha tangata (brought both worlds together to achieve the objective) through codeveloped recovery strategies. This approach challenges the traditional model of scientists first preparing management plans focused on biological objectives, then consulting indigenous groups for approval. We recommend values-based approaches, such as structured decision making, as powerful methods for development of comanagement conservation plans between different peoples. 相似文献
135.
Humphrey O. S. Young S. D. Bailey E. H. Crout N. M. J. Ander E. L. Hamilton E. M. Watts M. J. 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2019,41(5):2145-2156
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health; phytofortification is a means of improving humans’ nutritional iodine status. However, knowledge... 相似文献
136.
Asymmetric competition via induced resistance: specialist herbivores indirectly suppress generalist preference and populations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Species may compete indirectly by altering the traits of a shared resource. For example, herbivore-induced responses in plants may make plants more resistant or susceptible to additional herbivorous insect species. Herbivore-induced plant responses can significantly affect interspecific competition and herbivore population dynamics. These herbivore-herbivore indirect interactions have been overlooked in aquatic ecosystems where previous studies used the same herbivore species to induce changes and to assess the effects of these changes. We asked whether seaweed grazing by one of two herbivorous, congeneric snail species (Littorina obtusata or Littorina littorea) with different feeding strategies and preferences would affect subsequent feeding preferences of three herbivore species (both snails and the isopod Idotea baltica) and population densities of three herbivore species (both snails and a third periwinkle snail, Lacuna vincta). In addition, we measured phlorotannin concentrations to test the hypothesis that these metabolites function as induced defenses in the Phaeophyceae. Snail herbivory induced cue-specific responses in apical tissues of the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus that affected the three herbivore species similarly. When compared to ungrazed controls, direct grazing by Littorina obtusata reduced seaweed palatability by at least 52% for both snail species and the isopod species. In contrast, direct grazing by L. littorea did not decrease seaweed palatability for any herbivore, indicating herbivore-specific responses. Previous grazing by L. obtusata reduced populations of L. littorea on outplanted seaweeds by 46% but had no effect on L. obtusata populations. Phlorotannins, a potential class of inducible chemicals in brown algae, were not more concentrated in grazed seaweed tissues, suggesting that some other trait was responsible for the induced resistance. Our results indicate that marine herbivores may compete via inducible responses in shared seaweeds. These plant-mediated interactions were asymmetric with a specialist (L. obtusata) competitively superior to a generalist (L. littorea). 相似文献
137.
Environmental Economics at the World Bank 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
138.
L.D. Hamilton 《Environment international》1984,10(5-6)
Public authorities must make decisions about energy, and the risks of alternative strategies need to be calculated including health and environmental costs. Information from various sources must be organized into a logical framework for comparing impacts. This must include the widest practicable range of health and environmental damage — public-health impact of pollution, role of accidents, disease and hazardous materials in the workplace, and odds for catastrophes. It must put each part of the energy cycle into perspective-giving particular attention to uncertainties in knowledge - to convey what is known, what is uncertain, and the importance of each factor in the overall picture. This paper gives examples of the use of health-impact assessment by decisionmakers: (1) comparative risk assessment of the health effects of coal and nuclear fuel cycles used in nuclear power plant siting and licensing hearings, and (2) health risks of acid deposition and other air-transported pollutants, carried out as part of an assessment for the U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 相似文献
139.
Barry R. Taylor Hal R. Hamilton 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(2):221-234
ABSTRACT: In the Saskatchewan River Basin (365,000 km2), which drains the Canadian prairie from the Rocky Mountains east to Manitoba, concentrations of total solutes are usually within the range of 100 to 1000 mg/L. Total solutes levels in tributaries increase markedly from west to east across the basin, as mountain snowmelt and dilute surface runoff are replaced by ion-rich ground water and concentrated prairie runoff as the major influences on solute concentrations. In contrast, total solutes concentrations in main-stem rivers are nearly constant, ranging 200–300 mg/L, with only a small increase across the basin. Dilute mountain runoff dominates solute concentrations in main-stem rivers, despite the influx of increasingly ion-rich water from tributaries. The principal long-term trends in total solute concentrations across the basin, as revealed by linear and sine-curve regressions, were due to the construction of reservoirs, which depress the natural winter maximum in solute concentrations and disrupt the sinusoidal annual pattern, while sharply reducing seasonal variation. These regression methods did not show anticipated anthropogenic increases in salt load in the Red Deer or South Saskatchewan Rivers, but a trend of slowly increasing solutes concentrations (2 mg/L/yr) was detected for autumn flows in the lower Bow River. Municipal wastes from the City of Calgary or irrigation return flows are probably responsible for this increase. 相似文献
140.
Tracy B. Perry Karen A. Holbrook Mary S. Hoff Emily F. Hamilton Vyta Senikas Chris Fisher 《黑龙江环境通报》1987,7(3):145-155
We report the first positive prenatal diagnosis ofcongenital non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma or lamellar ichthyosis. Fetal skin samples were obtained by fetoscopy at 21 weeks' gestation and examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed a thickened interfollicular epidermis with multiple layers of flattened cells and excessive keratinization of the epidermal lining of the follicular infundibulum. Electron microscopy of the thickened epidermis revealed granular cells that contained larger-than-normal keratohyalin granules and multiple layers of parakeratotic cornified cells. Although there was regional variation in the degree of interfollicular keratinization, follicles from all regions showed greater and more complete keratinization, indicating that they express the abnormality early enough in development to permit prenatal diagnosis at about 20 weeks' gestation. 相似文献