Performance of IUCN proxies for generation length

One of the criteria used by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assess threat status is the rate of decline in abundance over 3 generations or 10 years, whichever is longer. The traditional method for calculating generation length (T) uses age‐specific survival and fecundity, but these data are rarely available. Consequently, proxies that require less information are often used, which introduces potential biases. The IUCN recommends 2 proxies based on adult mortality rate, = α + 1/d, and reproductive life span, = α + z^*RL, where α is age at first reproduction, d is adult mortality rate, RL is reproductive life span, and z is a coefficient derived from data for comparable species. We used published life tables for 78 animal and plant populations to evaluate precision and bias of these proxies by comparing and with true generation length. Mean error rates in estimating T were 31% for and 20% for , but error rates for were 16% when we subtracted 1 year ( ), as suggested by theory; also provided largely unbiased estimates regardless of the true generation length. Performance of depends on compilation of detailed data for comparable species, but our results suggest taxonomy is not a reliable indicator of comparability. All 3 proxies depend heavily on a reliable estimate of age at first reproduction, as we illustrated with 2 test species. The relatively large mean errors for all proxies emphasized the importance of collecting the detailed life‐history information necessary to calculate true generation length. Unfortunately, publication of such data is less common than it was decades ago. We identified generic patterns of age‐specific change in vital rates that can be used to predict expected patterns of bias from applying .     

广东省生活垃圾焚烧设施环境与健康风险评估构架研究

生活垃圾焚烧设施的建立是解决城市生活垃圾逐年增多的有效方式之一,但其所引发的环境与健康问题成为公众关注的热点。基于广东省对生活垃圾焚烧设施的研究,以环境管理为目标,结合国内外在该领域的研究现状,提出广东省生活垃圾焚烧设施环境与健康风险评估构架。通过该构架的多年实践,总结了广东省生活垃圾焚烧设施环境与健康风险评估研究所取得的成效,有望将该成果推而广之,从而使该行业实现绿色生态的蓬勃发展。     

天津市滨海新区PM_(2.5)污染时空分布及影响因素研究

为了降低天津市滨海新区中PM_(2.5)的污染,需要对天津市滨海新区PM_(2.5)污染的时空分布和影响因素进行研究。研究天津市滨海新区近年来PM_(2.5)的时空分布特征,并选取PM_(2.5)的相关指标,对天津市滨海新区PM_(2.5)污染影响因素进行分析。结果表明,在天津市滨海新区的冬季时,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度值最高,在滨海新区的夏季时,PM_(2.5)的质量浓度值最低。PM_(2.5)在天津市滨海新区昼间大气中的质量浓度低于夜间大气中的质量浓度。     

园林树木保健问题的探讨

本文论述了影响树木健康的原因和园林树木保健措施。     

海南岛近岸海域环境容量与纳污总量分析

通过对海南岛"十二五"期间近岸海域纳污总量、环境质量状况及环境容量比较分析,得出各主要排污区环境容量的剩余环境容量。结果表明,全省主要污染物化学需氧量入海量仅占环境容量的2.6%,氨氮占环境容量的26.6%,虽然全省近岸海域环境基本未受污染物入海量影响,仍有较大的纳污空间,可利用的环境容量非常充裕。为避免出现排污达标但环境质量下降的状况,提出建立近岸海域主要污染物总量控制制度,由浓度控制到总量和浓度控制并存。     

典型氢氧化细菌固碳特性种间差异及胞外有机物对固碳过程影响

化能自养细菌对全球CO₂固定具有重要的意义.研究了4种典型氢氧化细菌（HOB,分别是Alcaligenes hydrogenophilus DSM 2625、Pelomonas saccharophila DSM 654、Variovorax paradoxus DSM 30034和Acidovorax facilis DSM 649）的固碳特性及其种间差异性,并探究了胞外游离有机碳（EFOC）对不同种类HOB固碳效率差异性的影响.结果表明：①不同HOB自养培养过程中表观固碳量随时间呈显著差异性,其中,DSM 2625生长速度较快,其平均固碳量分别是DSM 654、DSM 649和DSM 30034的6.30、8.76和7.02倍.②不同HOB之间cbbL基因转录量与 表观固碳量的相关系数为0.980 （p<0.05）,cbbL基因转录量是造成不同菌种之间表观固碳效率差异的关键因素.③HOB细胞蛋白质含量与cbbL基因丰度和转录量之间也存在显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999（p<0.01）和0.976（p<0.05）,即化能自养细菌CO₂同化途径所固定的有机碳进一步参与细胞蛋白质的合成,进而影响其生长速度和表观固碳效率.④HOB在自养培养过程中产生的EFOC对cbbL基因转录效率产生反馈抑制作用,且不同HOB之间,EFOC/TOC比例越低,表观固碳效率越高.     

Evaluation of the relationship between two different methods for enumeration fecal indicator bacteria： Colony-forming unit and most probable number

Most probable number (MPN) and colony-forming unit (CFU) estimates of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentration are common measures of water quality in aquatic environments. Thus, FIB intensively monitored in Yeongsan Watershed in an attempt to compare two di erent methods and to develop a statistical model to convert from CFU to MPN estimates or vice versa. As a result, the significant di erence was found in the MPN and CFU estimates. The enumerated Escherichia coli concentrations in MPN are greater than those in CFU, except for the measurement in winter. Especially in fall, E. coli concentrations in MPN are one order of magnitude greater than that in CFU. Contrarily, enterococci bacteria in MPN are lower than those in CFU. However, in general, a strongly positive relationship are found between MPN and CFU estimates. Therefore, the statistical models were developed, and showed the reasonable converting FIB concentrations from CFU estimates to MPN estimates. We expect this study will provide preliminary information towards future research on whether di erent analysis methods may result in di erent water quality standard violation frequencies for the same water sample.     

城市水业投资模式及BOT模式操作要点

水务行业特许经营在今后一定时间内是解决城市基础设施建设的主要手段之一.它能够解决城市基础设施投资资金短缺的问题;实现基础设施行业投资结构多元化,促进体制改革;引入竞争机制,提高服务质量;引入先进技术与科学的管理手段,提高经营管理效率.本文主要介绍了城市水业投资的模式及其适用条件,并以案例分析的方式讨论了BOT模式的操作要点.     

浅析电子废弃物回收利用及危害解决办法

随着高科技的发展和人们需求的增长,电子产品不断推陈出新,电子废弃物成为世界上数量增长最快的垃圾."电子垃圾",主要包括各种使用后废弃的电脑、通信设备、电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机等电子电器产品.电子废弃物不规范回收处理易造成污染.电子废弃物中含有很多可回收再利用的有色金属、黑色金属、玻璃等物质.严格意义上讲,这些电子废弃物,不应称其为电子垃圾,而应称作电子旧货.伴随着电子工业的高速发展,电子废弃物污染不可避免地摆在了我们面前.电子废弃物具有危害性和可利用性.     

首钢综合污水回用于循环冷却水系统的动态模拟实验

钢铁企业综合污水经污水厂处理后作为循环冷却水系统的补充水,是解决新水用量大问题和减少外排水的有效途径之一。以首钢污水处理厂出水和除盐水的混合水(TDS分别为700 mg/L和500 mg/L)为动态模拟系统补充水,采用药剂控制方法,年污垢沉积率14.63～18.09 mg/(cm2.月),腐蚀速率小于0.03 mm/a,循环水的费用为0.0174元/t,可以实现安全回用。