许家窑-侯家窑遗址年代学研究进展

人类的起源与演化一直是考古学及其他学科研究的重点。泥河湾盆地,是我国古人类文化的重要组成部分,在泥河湾盆地的许家窑-侯家窑遗址,正处于现代人起源、扩散的关键时期,为解决我国甚至东亚的现代人起源问题具有举足轻重的作用。前人对遗址进行过多次系统挖掘,开展了一系列不同方法的年代学工作,然而其文化层年代却有较大的争议。本文对许家窑-侯家窑遗址文化层的年代进行系统总结,通过对前人用不同测年方法获得年代进行综合对比。结果表明：不同方法测定的许家窑-侯家窑遗址文化层的年代差距过大,难以确定文化层的年代。许家窑-侯家窑遗址文化层的年代的不确定,严重影响了众多学者对于我国现代人起源的进一步研究。年代测量方法虽然众多,但是不同测年方法,有着不同的测年区间,因此后期需要根据许家窑-侯家窑遗址的年代区间来选择适合的测量方法,并使用不同材料来进行对比分析获得最为准确的年代。     

大气环流型对珠三角2015～2020年臭氧变化的影响

基于2015～2020年的珠三角臭氧(O₃)日最大8 h浓度平均值[MDA8 O₃,ρ(O₃-8h)]的观测数据和气象再分析数据,运用Lamb-Jenkinson天气分型法(LWTs)分析不同大气环流型的特征并定量其对MDA8 O₃年际变化的贡献.结果表明,珠三角发生的18种天气型中ASW型更容易出现O₃污染现象,而NE型会导致更严重的O₃污染.根据850 hPa风场的风向变化及中心系统的不同位置将18种天气类型合并为5个天气类别来探讨不同天气型的O₃生成机制,发现ρ(O₃-8h)高的天气类别为N-E-S方向类别[(161±68)μg·m^-3]和A类别[(122±39)μg·m^-3],二者ρ(O₃-8h)与日最高气温和太阳净辐射量都呈显著正相关.N-E-S方向类别为秋季主导大气环流型,而A类别多发生在春季,其中春季珠三角发生的90%O_3<...     

“2+26”城市秋冬季大气污染治理措施效果评估

针对京津冀及周边"2+26"城市秋冬季不同大气污染治理措施的减排量进行核算,结果表明,2017~2018年秋冬季"2+26"城市SO₂,NO_x,VOCs,PM_2.5和PM₁₀的总减排量分别为43.26,20.63,18.36,28.00和47.31万t,2018~2019年秋冬季"2+26"城市SO₂,NO_x,VOCs,PM_2.5和PM₁₀的总减排量分别为16.68,18.11,11.03,17.04和25.33万t.基于此,采用CAMx模型对各项措施的减排效果进行模拟评估,采取措施后,2017~2018年秋冬季"2+26"城市SO₂,NO_x,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度的平均下降量（下降率）分别为22.69μg/m³（42.67%）,33.22μg/m³（37.81%）,24.28μg/m³（22.58%）和31.26μg/m³（18.67%）,2018~2019年秋冬季"2+26"城市SO₂,NO_x,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度的平均下降量（下降率）分别为9.36μg/m³（26.86%）,25.73μg/m³（30.62%）,16.38μg/m³（16.09%）和20.43μg/m³（12.33%）.2017~2018年秋冬季各项措施对PM_2.5浓度的平均减排效率排序依次为："散乱污"企业治理 > 交通运输结构调整 > 企业错峰生产 > 民用散煤替代 > 燃煤锅炉综合整治,2018~2019年秋冬季各项措施对PM_2.5浓度的平均减排效率排序依次为：重点行业升级改造 > 企业错峰生产 > "散乱污"企业治理 > 交通运输结构调整 > 民用散煤替代 > 燃煤锅炉综合整治.     

中国县域肉类生产的时空演变及影响因素

随着人均收入的增加和城镇化的推进,促进了居民肉类消费增加。厘清肉类生产格局的变化对肉类可持续供给具有重要意义。基于中国县域视角,以2000—2016年的肉类产量数据为基础,运用标准差椭圆、空间自相关、地理探测器等方法,揭示我国肉类生产的时空演变规律及其影响因素。结果表明:（1）2000—2016年的全国肉类产量呈增加态势,增幅为43.5%,不同区域肉类产量差异较大。（2）全国肉类高产县数量增加显著,范围扩大,空间上呈条带状集聚特点,重心整体北移;其生产的集聚特征显著且相对稳定,但局部表现出一定差异。（3）自然资源禀赋、社会经济及农业技术在不同阶段都影响肉类生产空间格局的演变。粮食产量和第一产业增加值是主要因素,农业机械总动力影响逐年增大,不同因子间的交互作用会强化肉类生产空间分异的效果。     

Volatile organic compounds concentration profiles and control strategy in container manufacturing industry: Case studies in China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), important precursors of ozone (O₃) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), are the key to curb the momentum of O₃ growth and further reducing PM_2.5 in China. Container manufacturing industry is one of the major VOC emitters, and more than 96% containers of the world are produced in China, with the annual usage of coatings of over 200,000 tons in recent years. This is the first research on the emission characteristics of VOCs in Chinese container manufacturing industry, including concentration and ozone formation potential (OFP) of each species. The result shows that the largest amounts of VOCs are emitted during the pretreatment process, followed by the paint mixing process and primer painting process, and finally other sprays process. The average VOC concentrations in the workshops, the exhausts before treatment and the exhausts after treatment are ranging from 82.67–797.46 , 170–1,812.65 , 66.20–349.63 mg/m³, respectively. Benzenes, alcohols and ethers are main species, which contribute more than 90% OFP together. Based on the emission characteristics of VOCs and the technical feasibility, it is recommended to set the emission limit in standard of benzene to 1.0 mg/m³, toluene to 10 mg/m³, xylene to 20 mg/m³, benzenes to 40 mg/m³, alcohols and ethers to 50 mg/m³, and VOCs to 100 mg/m³. The study reports the industry emission characteristics and discusses the standard limits, which is a powerful support to promote VOCs emission reduction, and to promote the coordinated control of PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution.     

Response of PM2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM_2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.     

Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing

The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO₂ heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O₃, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.     

辽河在线监测站营养盐数据质量的分析与评价

近年来,我国海洋环境在线监测体系正由研究探索阶段进入实际应用阶段,但在线监测数据质量尤其是营养盐参数的数据质量仍有待提高。为了提高在线监测数据的代表性和准确性,本研究以辽河在线监测站营养盐监测数据为研究对象,通过在线监测设备性能评估及比对实验等质控手段,对营养盐在线监测的数据质量进行分析与评价。结果表明,辽河在线监测站总磷参数的在线监测数据质量最好,与实验室分析数据的相关系数为0.901,配对t检验显著性水平为0.112;硝酸盐、磷酸盐和氨氮等参数的在线监测数据可以反映监测点位的水质变化趋势,但准确度有待进一步提高。     

吐鲁番南盆地平原区地下水污染风险评价

地下水污染风险评价是地下水污染防治的有效工具,评价体系主要包括地下水污染源荷载评价、地下水脆弱性评价和地下水功能价值评价这3个部分.以吐鲁番南盆地平原区为例,利用调查数据和土地利用数据划分点源污染和面源污染,进行地下水污染源荷载评价;选取经典的DRASTIC模型进行地下水脆弱性评价;从水质和水量的角度进行地下水功能价值评价.利用GIS平台将3个评价结果加权叠加,生成地下水污染风险区划图.结果表明,研究区地下水污染风险整体较低.高风险和较高风险区域面积占研究区总面积的15.5%,主要分布在研究区的L1、 L2和L3处.L1主要受到高污染源荷载和高地下水脆弱性的影响;L2主要是由高地下水功能价值和以生活为主的面源污染共同作用的结果;以农业生产为主的面源污染和较高的地下水功能价值是L3区域地下水污染风险偏高的主要原因.地下水污染风险评价结果对决策者划定地下水污染防治区具有重要参考.     

地下水中阴离子对球磨零价铁除砷影响

研究了不同浓度下几种阴离子（NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、H₂PO₄^-、SiO₃^2-）对球磨零价铁（BZVI）除砷规律的影响,探讨了上述阴离子对BZVI氧化As（Ⅲ）能力的影响,三价砷及五价砷的转化机制,及BZVI腐蚀产物.研究证实,不同浓度的NO₃^-和SO₄^2-对砷去除效率影响不显著,但是随着H₂PO₄^-和SiO₃^2-浓度升高,溶液中As（V）分别由25.1%上升到83.6%和下降到3.8%;通过SEM和拉曼光谱分析发现,H₂PO₄^-促进BZVI的腐蚀,导致As（Ⅲ）氧化能力增强;而铁表面形成二氧化硅聚合物或非晶固相则是SiO₃^2-降低BZVI对砷氧化和吸附能力的主要机制.