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21.
Hannah W. McKenzie Christopher L. Jerde Darcy R. Visscher Evelyn H. Merrill Mark A. Lewis 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(4):531-546
Global Positioning System (GPS) collars are increasingly used to study animal movement and habitat use. Measurement error
is defined as the difference between the observed and true value being measured. In GPS data measurement error is referred
to as location error and leads to misclassification of observed locations into habitat types. This is particularily true when
studying habitats of small spatial extent with large amounts of edge, such as linear features (e.g. roads and seismic lines).
However, no consistent framework exists to address the effect of measurement error on habitat classification of observed locations
and resulting biological inference. We developed a mechanistic, empirically-based method for buffering linear features that
minimizes the underestimation of animal use introduced by GPS measurement error. To do this we quantified the distribution
of measurement error and derived an explicit formula for buffer radius which incorporated the error distribution, the width
of the linear feature, and a predefined amount of acceptable type I error in location classification. In our empirical study
we found the GPS measurement error of the Lotek GPS_3300 collar followed a bivariate Laplace distribution with parameter ρ = 0.1123. When we applied our method to a simulated landscape, type I error was reduced by 57%. This study highlights the
need to address the effect of GPS measurement error in animal location classification, particularily for habitats of small
spatial extent. 相似文献
22.
Jonathan M. H. Green Gemma R. Cranston William J. Sutherland Hannah R. Tranter Sarah J. Bell Tim G. Benton Eva Blixt Colm Bowe Sarah Broadley Andrew Brown Chris Brown Neil Burns David Butler Hannah Collins Helen Crowley Justin DeKoszmovszky Les G. Firbank Brett Fulford Toby A. Gardner Rosemary S. Hails Sharla Halvorson Michael Jack Ben Kerrison Lenny S. C. Koh Steven C. Lang Emily J. McKenzie Pablo Monsivais Timothy O’Riordan Jeremy Osborn Stephen Oswald Emma Price Thomas David Raffaelli Belinda Reyers Jagjit S. Srai Bernardo B. N. Strassburg David Webster Ruth Welters Gail Whiteman James Wilsdon Bhaskar Vira 《Sustainability Science》2017,12(2):319-331
Delivering access to sufficient food, energy and water resources to ensure human wellbeing is a major concern for governments worldwide. However, it is crucial to account for the ‘nexus’ of interactions between these natural resources and the consequent implications for human wellbeing. The private sector has a critical role in driving positive change towards more sustainable nexus management and could reap considerable benefits from collaboration with researchers to devise solutions to some of the foremost sustainability challenges of today. Yet opportunities are missed because the private sector is rarely involved in the formulation of deliverable research priorities. We convened senior research scientists and influential business leaders to collaboratively identify the top forty questions that, if answered, would best help companies understand and manage their food-energy-water-environment nexus dependencies and impacts. Codification of the top order nexus themes highlighted research priorities around development of pragmatic yet credible tools that allow businesses to incorporate nexus interactions into their decision-making; demonstration of the business case for more sustainable nexus management; identification of the most effective levers for behaviour change; and understanding incentives or circumstances that allow individuals and businesses to take a leadership stance. Greater investment in the complex but productive relations between the private sector and research community will create deeper and more meaningful collaboration and cooperation. 相似文献
23.
Sebastian Petrick Kathrin Riemann-Campe Sven Hoog Christian Growitsch Hannah Schwind Rüdiger Gerdes Katrin Rehdanz 《Ambio》2017,46(3):410-422
A significant share of the world’s undiscovered oil and natural gas resources are assumed to lie under the seabed of the Arctic Ocean. Up until now, the exploitation of the resources especially under the European Arctic has largely been prevented by the challenges posed by sea ice coverage, harsh weather conditions, darkness, remoteness of the fields, and lack of infrastructure. Gradual warming has, however, improved the accessibility of the Arctic Ocean. We show for the most resource-abundant European Arctic Seas whether and how a climate induced reduction in sea ice might impact future accessibility of offshore natural gas and crude oil resources. Based on this analysis we show for a number of illustrative but representative locations which technology options exist based on a cost-minimization assessment. We find that under current hydrocarbon prices, oil and gas from the European offshore Arctic is not competitive on world markets. 相似文献
24.
Alberto Giubilini Patrick Birkl Thomas Douglas Julian Savulescu Hannah Maslen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2017,30(2):179-198
Antibiotic use in animal farming is one of the main drivers of antibiotic resistance both in animals and in humans. In this paper we propose that one feasible and fair way to address this problem is to tax animal products obtained with the use of antibiotics. We argue that such tax is supported both by (a) deontological arguments, which are based on the duty individuals have to compensate society for the antibiotic resistance to which they are contributing through consumption of animal products obtained with the use of antibiotics; and (b) a cost-benefit analysis of taxing such animal products and of using revenue from the tax to fund alternatives to use of antibiotics in animal farming. Finally, we argue that such a tax would be fair because individuals who consume animal products obtained with the use of antibiotics can be held morally responsible, i.e. blameworthy, for their contribution to antibiotic resistance, in spite of the fact that each individual contribution is imperceptible. 相似文献
25.
David G. Angeler Craig R. Allen Hannah E. Birgé Stina Drakare Brendan G. McKie Richard K. Johnson 《Ambio》2014,43(1):113-125
Freshwater ecosystems are important for global biodiversity and provide essential ecosystem services. There is consensus in the scientific literature that freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to the impacts of environmental change, which may trigger irreversible regime shifts upon which biodiversity and ecosystem services may be lost. There are profound uncertainties regarding the management and assessment of the vulnerability of freshwater ecosystems to environmental change. Quantitative approaches are needed to reduce this uncertainty. We describe available statistical and modeling approaches along with case studies that demonstrate how resilience theory can be applied to aid decision-making in natural resources management. We highlight especially how long-term monitoring efforts combined with ecological theory can provide a novel nexus between ecological impact assessment and management, and the quantification of systemic vulnerability and thus the resilience of ecosystems to environmental change. 相似文献
26.
Nanotechnology, risk and the environment: a review 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nanotechnologies are already interacting with the environment. Scientists and engineers are manipulating matter at the nanoscale, and these nanoscale processes and products are being used by industry in commercially available products. These products are either applied directly to the environment or end up in the environment through indirect pathways. This review examines the state of current environmental risk assessment of nanotechnologies. Nanotechnology is described generally, then both the possible benefits of nanotechnology and the risks are reviewed in a traditional way. Subsequently, a philosophical criticism of the traditional way of looking at risks is offered. 相似文献
27.
Fungiacyathus marenzelleri (Vaughan, 1906) is a deep-water solitary coral, cosmopolitan in distribution that is found at depths of 300–6,328 m. This
study examined gametogenesis, inter-annual variability and reproductive periodicity of F. marenzelleri collected from Station M (34°50′N, 123°00′W) in the northeast Pacific at a depth of 4,100 m. Samples were collected (May,
June, October 1996; August 1998; February, June 2001; and June 2002) and histologically processed with spermatogenic stage,
oocyte size and fecundity measured. Four stages of spermatogenesis were identified and all males contained multiple stages
of sperm development in each seasonal sample. Three stages of oocyte development were identified; previtellogenic (<28–150 μm),
vitellogenic (150–300 μm) and late vitellogenic (300–400 μm). Comparison of mean oocyte diameters among sampling dates showed
there were no inter-annual variations or seasonal differences. Overall, fecundity was 1,290 (±407) oocytes polyp−1, and with no significant differences between sample months. Fecundity was not polyp-size dependent. This study shows a similar
quasi-continuous mode of reproduction to this species examined from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, but the fecundity is reduced
by 50%. The reproductive output may fluctuate in relation to the input of organic material at this site, as shown by non-significant
trends in the oocyte size-frequency and fecundity data. A quasi-continuous output of gametes would promote successful fertilisation
and wide dispersal of the lecithotrophic larvae. 相似文献
28.
Benavides-Lopez Jose Luis ter Hofstede Hannah Robillard Tony 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2020,107(1):1-11
The Science of Nature - The capability of producing sounds and vibrations is well known in insects and is thought to be a form of intra- and interspecific communication. Sounds and vibrations are... 相似文献
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