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11.
位于波的尼亚湾的瓦萨是波罗的海沿岸有代表性的中等城市.本文论述了瓦萨对周围海域的影响,以及该市对海洋污染的反应.瓦萨的废水处理历史有力地表明,第一代的环境问题,如城市废水排放造成的污染问题,只是在一个漫长的发展过程之后作为最后的一着得到解决的.1953年建成了第一座废水处理厂.从长远来看,如果当初接受了建立中央处理厂的方案,那么城市政策不用为环境和城市本身付出那么大的代价了.在瓦萨,环境本身并没有起到激励作用,所发生的变化的诱因是城市废水排排放造成的健康危害、有害恶臭以及恶劣的户外游泳条件.最后万不得已时才采取了行动.本文还论述了环境研究的社会科学办法. 相似文献
12.
波罗的海的鱼类类群:是有限资源还是无限资源? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evald Ojaveer Hannu Lehtonen 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2001,30(4):217-221
人类引起的环境变化,特别是富营养化和由于气候变化和太阳活动而导致的自然环境条件的波动影响着波罗的海各鱼类和群体的繁殖和生长.在过去几十年间,人类影响的重要性明显增加,在很多情况下掩盖了自然因素.高速的开发降低了一些有价值的鱼的种类,影响了一些种类的支配层次.海洋深层的氧消耗使得某些海洋种类的生存条件日益恶化.随着船舶压舱水而引入的大量非本地种类严重地影响着生态系统和鱼类类群.对于海洋的这些变化的总体影响、残留的和淡水种类可能会产生预想不到的结果.鱼类资源应该根据其自然单元(种群)进行适当的评价和管理.根据全球气候过程的周期性波动,应该着手进行鱼类区系结构和丰度变化的长期预报工作. 相似文献
13.
Female bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) prefer dominant males; but what if there is no choice? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Both intra-sexual competition between males and female mate choice have been found to affect mating behaviour in rodents.
We studied female choice in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) under circumstances where male-male competition was excluded and the female could interact and mate freely with the males.
Mating behaviour was observed in two situations: (1) the female encountered two males with a clear dominance relationship;
and (2) the two males were equal in their social status. In all tests where a female in postpartum oestrus had a choice between
males of different social rank she mated with the dominant one. When choosing between an even pair of males there was no difference
in the frequency of lordotic responses, mounts or intromissions the female exhibited with either male before mating with one
of them. The mean ejaculation latency was significantly longer in the tests with an even pair of males than in the tests where
male hierarchy was clear. These results show that bank vole females are able to discriminate males according to their social
status and strongly prefer dominant males as mating partners. However, when the females were presented with two equal males,
they seemed to be unable to make a choice. The ability to choose the mating partner when the males are clearly different may
be an important direct benefit for the female in terms of time saved during mating and thus decreased risk of predation and
infanticide.
Received: 16 March 1995/Accepted after revision: 11 February 1996 相似文献
14.
Common goldeneyes adjust maternal effort in relation to prior brood success and not current brood size 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Parental investment theory predicts that parental effort should be related to the reproductive value of the current brood.
This depends on both the number of young and the survival prospects of each of them. Thus parents may provide more care to
larger broods either because of (1) the direct effect of brood size per se on reproductive value (the “brood size” hypothesis)
or because (2) past mortality, reflected in current brood size, predicts future mortality of the brood and hence its reproductive
value (the “brood success” hypothesis). Earlier studies have not attempted to distinguish between these alternatives. We tested
the hypotheses in the precocial, nidifugous common goldeneye Bucephala clangula, a species with uniparental female care. Maternal effort was measured as the time spent by the female in rearing the brood.
We found that brood size itself is not associated with maternal effort, but that females modify their maternal effort according
to the mortality already experienced by the brood, supporting the prediction of the brood success hypothesis. We also found
that brood mortality varied considerably between broods and that previous mortality predicts future mortality within broods,
basic assumptions of the brood success hypothesis.
Received: 30 January 1996 / Accepted after revision: 27 October 1996 相似文献
15.
Nest predation has been suggested as an explanation of the adaptive significance and evolution of conspecific brood parasitism, an alternative reproductive tactic pursued by females in several animal taxa. I used new nest boxes that contained only decoy eggs and were erected on lakes differing in real nest predation risk to test this hypothesis in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), a hole-nesting duck. I used broken eggs to simulate predation risk of the boxes to determine if parasites having no previous experience with the boxes discriminate between seemingly safe and risky nest sites. Parasites laid eggs in the experimental boxes independently of the simulated predation risk, suggesting that they do not use broken eggs or nest disarray as indicators of predation intensity. Parasites preferred experimental boxes on lakes where real nest predation risk was low, supporting the nest predation risk hypothesis. Assuming that females in high risk areas have had experience of nest predation, they may take this into account in selecting host nests. 相似文献
16.
During combustion, most of the inorganic nutrients and trace elements in the fuel are retained and enriched in the ash. However,
here we show that, due to the low total heavy metal concentrations, the flue gas cleaning residue (i.e. the fly ash) originating
from the wet scrubber device at a medium-sized (32 MW) municipal district heating plant, is a potential forest fertilizer.
Furthermore, the easily soluble calcium (1,980 mg kg−1; d.w.) and phosphorus (50 mg kg−1; d.w.) concentrations indicate that the flue gas cleaning residue is a potential agent for soil remediation and for improving
soil fertility. 相似文献
17.
Zhen-ming Ge Xiao Zhou Seppo Kellomäki Kai-yun Wang Heli Peltola Hannu Väisänen Harri Strandman 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(13-14):1731-1743
An integrated process-based model was used to study how the changing climate affects the availability of water and nitrogen, and consequently the dynamics of productivity of Norway spruce (Picea abies) on sites with different initial soil water conditions in southern Finland over a 100-year period. The sensitivity of the total stem volume growth in relation to short-term availability of water and nitrogen was also analyzed. We found that a high proportion (about 88–92%) of the total precipitation was lost in total evapotranspiration (incl. canopy evaporation (Ec), transpiration (Et) and ground surface evaporation (Eg)), under both current and changing climate. Furthermore, under the changing climate the cumulative amount of Ec and Eg were significantly higher, while Et was largely lower than under the current climate. Additionally, the elevated temperature and increased expansion of needle area index (L) enhanced Ec. Under the changing climate, the increasing soil water deficit (Wd) reduced the canopy stomatal conductance (gcs), the Et, humus yield (H, available nitrogen source) and nitrogen uptake (Nup) of the trees. During the latter phases of the simulation period, the canopy net photosynthesis (Pnc) was lower due to the reduced Nup and soil water availability. This also reduced the total stem volume production (Vs) on the site with the lower initial soil moisture content. The growth was slightly more sensitive to the change in precipitation than to the change in nitrogen content of the needles, when the elevated temperature was assumed. According to our findings, drought stress episodes may become more frequent under the changing climate. Thus, adaptive management strategies should be developed to sustain the productivity of Norway spruce in these conditions, and thus, to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. 相似文献
18.
LIU Chun-jiang Hannu Ilvesniemi Werner Kutsch MA Xiang-qing Carl J. Westman Pekka Kauppi 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2004,16(1):86-89
IntroductionCarboncirculatesbetweentheatmosphere ,biosphere ,oceansandthelithosphere(Warneck ,1988) .Thecarbonfluxesbetweenthesereservoirs,suchasburningoffuels ,photosynthesisandrespirationofecosystems,andtheuptakeoftheocean ,havebeenestimatedquantitative… 相似文献
19.
Marta Schuhmacher Hannu Kiviranta Päivi Ruokojärvi Martí Nadal José L. Domingo 《Environment international》2009,35(3):607-613
The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in breast milk from women living in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain. The results were compared with the levels obtained in two previous surveys carried out in 1998 (baseline study) and 2002. The current concentrations of PCDD/Fs in breast milk ranged from 45 to 143 pg/g fat (2.8 to 11.2 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat), while total PCBs ranged from 114 to 617 pg/g fat (2.8 to 17.6 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). PBDE concentrations (sum 15 congeners) ranged from 0.57 ng/g fat to 5.9 ng/g fat, with a mean value of 2.5 ng/g fat. A general decrease of the concentrations for PCDD/Fs and both planar and total PCBs was observed. Regarding to PBDE concentrations in breast milk, similar levels between the 2002 and the present study were noted. The levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in milk of women living in urban areas were higher than those corresponding to the industrial zones (38% and 40%, respectively). However, the current PBDE levels were slightly lower (13%) in the urban than in the industrial zone. For PCDD/Fs and PCBs, the current decreases are in accordance with the reduction in the dietary intake of these pollutants found in recent studies carried out in the same area of study. 相似文献
20.
Verta M Salo S Korhonen M Assmuth T Kiviranta H Koistinen J Ruokojärvi P Isosaari P Bergqvist PA Tysklind M Cato I Vikelsøe J Larsen MM 《Chemosphere》2007,67(9):1762-1775
Recent survey results for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, dioxins) in Baltic Sea sediments from Finland, Sweden and Denmark were merged with previously published Baltic Sea data. Regional distribution of concentration levels, differences in congener patterns, and temporal changes in sediment profiles were examined. One of the main objectives was to study if any major point sources for different PCDD/F congeners could be identified on a regional scale, based on sediment records. The survey confirmed the impact of chlorophenol production derived highly chlorinated PCDF-congeners on the total toxicity in sediments in the Gulf of Finland near the Kymijoki river estuary. Signatures of other point sources or combined point sources pertinent to specific industry branches or particular production processes (such as pulp bleaching, vinyl chloride production, thermal processes) may be discerned. However, the findings did not support any of the known point sources significantly influencing those congeners that are most abundant in Baltic herring and salmon. Instead, regional distributions in the Baltic Sea indicate that atmospheric deposition may act as a major source for those congeners and especially for 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF. There were clear indications of declines in levels in sediment in some areas, but generally the levels of highly chlorinated PCDD/Fs on the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland were still high when compared with other areas of the Baltic Sea. Major areas with data gaps cover the south-eastern and eastern coastal regions of the Baltic Proper and the southern Gulf of Finland. 相似文献