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161.
Rainwater contains substantial bacteria and rain is an efficient pathway for the dissemination of bacteria from the atmosphere to land and water surfaces.However,quantitative information on rainwater bacteria is very limited due to the lack of a reliable method.In this study,the epifluorescence microscopy enumeration with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit stain was verified to quantify the abundance of viable and non-viable bacterial cells in rainwater,with the 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) stain for the reference of total cell counts.Results showed that the total counts of bacterial cells by LIVE/DEAD BacLight staining were consistent with those by DAPI staining,and the average detection efficiency was(109 ± 29)%.The ratio of cell count with glutaraldehyde fixation to that without fixation was(106 ± 5)%on average.The bacterial concentration in negative control was usually an order of magnitude lower than that in rainwater samples.However,in case of small precipitation,the abundance in negative control could be more than that in rainwater samples.These results indicate that the enumeration with LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability assay coupled with glutaraldehyde fixation and careful negative control investigation is an approach applicable to the measurement of the concentration and viability of bacterial cells in rainwater. 相似文献
162.
Engineered oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are widely applied in insulators, catalyzers, paints, cosmetic products, textiles and semiconductors. Their attachment on cell membrane may lead to cytotoxicity. The effects of Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2 and ZnO NPs on membrane integrity and fluidity were studied using giant or small unilamellar vesicles in this study. Al2O3 and SiO2 NPs disrupted the oppositely charged membrane, indicating the important role of electrostatic attraction. However, Fe2O3, TiO2 and ZnO NPs did not cause serious membrane disruption as Al2O3 and SiO2 NPs. Membrane fluidity was evaluated by the generalized polarity (GP) values of Laurdan fluorescent emission. SiO2 NPs induce the membrane gelation of both positively and negatively charged membrane. Al2O3 and ZnO NPs induced the gelation of the oppositely charged membrane, but did not cause obvious membrane gelation to the like charged membrane. The phospholipid molecular structural changes after NP exposure were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra revealed the hydrogen bond formation between NPs and the carbonyl/phosphate groups of phospholipids. Al2O3 and SiO2 NPs showed strongest evidence of hydrogen bonding on their FT-IR spectra. It was consistent with the microscopic observation and fluorescent data that Al2O3 and SiO2 NPs caused more serious membrane disruption and gelation. This study on membrane damage provides further knowledge on the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials and the safety of NP application. 相似文献
163.
Quantum chemical investigation on photodegradation mechanisms of sulfamethoxypyridazine with dissolved inorganic matter and hydroxyl radical 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sulfamethoxypyridazine(SMP) is one of the commonly used sulfonamide antibiotics(SAs).SAs are mainly studied to undergo triplet-sensitized photodegradation in water under natural sunlight with other coexisting aquatic environmental organic pollutants.In this work,SMP was selected as a representative of SAs.We studied the mechanisms of triplet-sensitized photodegradation of SMP and the influence of selected dissolved inorganic matter,i.e.,anions(Br~-,Cl~-,and NO~-_3) and cations ions(Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and Zn~(2+)) on SMP photodegradation mechanism by quantum chemical methods.In addition,the degradation mechanisms of SMP by hydroxyl radical(OH·) were also investigated.The creation of SO_2 extrusion product was accessed with two different energy pathways(pathway-1 and pathway-2) by following two steps(step-I and step-II) in the tripletsensitized photodegradation of SMP.Due to low activation energy,the pathway-1 was considered as the main pathway to obtain SO_2 extrusion product.Step-II of pathway-1 was measured to be the rate-limiting step(RLS) of SMP photodegradation mechanism and the effect of the selected anions and cations was estimated for this step.All selected anions and cations promoted photodegradation of SMP by dropping the activation energy of pathway-1.The estimated low activation energies of different degradation pathways of SMP with OH·radical indicate that OH·radical is a very powerful oxidizing agent for SMP degradation via attack through benzene derivative and pyridazine derivative ring. 相似文献
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A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus(P) was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B. 相似文献
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本研究基于ArcGIS的淹没模型与夜光遥感的GDP空间化处理结果,同时结合对2050年中国海洋经济增长预测,评估海平面上升叠加风暴潮三种情景对中国沿海各省市海洋经济的影响效应。模拟结果表明:海平面上升叠加风暴潮与天文潮的CHmax-0.3 m情景下全国海洋经济损失最大,2050年损失达到35444.59亿元,占海洋生产总值的9.39%;从2050年各省海洋经济损失比例来看(CHmax-0.3 m情景),辽宁省损失比例最大,其次为广东省,福建省和广西省;从各省海洋经济损失的绝对值来看,在海平面上升0.3 m的三种情景下,广东、辽宁、江苏、山东均为海洋经济损失绝对值最大的四个省份。 相似文献
170.
介绍了国内外浮顶原油储罐VOCs泄漏损耗形式。结合美国环保署(EPA)发布的AP-42中第7章储罐的VOCs相关排放公式,建立了外浮顶原油储罐VOCs排放量核算的方法,并对核算方法的应用进行了举例分析,有助于掌握现阶段原油外浮顶储罐的泄漏损耗量,为推进企业绿色低碳发展,控制原油储罐VOCs总量排放提供参考。 相似文献