天津市夏季PM10浓度及组成元素垂直分布特征

通过天津市气象局大气边界层观测站高255 m的气象铁塔,获得了10m、40m、120m和220 m 4个高度共80个PM10样品,分析了PM10的日均质量浓度及其元素的垂直分布特征.结果表明,4个高度处PM10质量浓度时序变化基本一致;PM10质量浓度及其组成元素总量随高度增加递减;10 m、40m和120m3个高度处的PM10质量浓度时间序列分布的相关性较好,组分分歧系数较小,而220 m处的PM10质量浓度时间序列分布与其他3个高度处的相关性较差,组分分歧系数较大.样品中元素质量浓度由高到低依次是Si、Al、Ca、Fe、Na、Mg、K、Zn、Ti、Cu、Mn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、V、As、Cd和Hg.其中,Si、Al、Na、K质量分数随高度变化不大;Ca、Fe、Mg质量分数随高度增加递减明显;Zn、Cu、Mn、Pb、Cr在10m、40m和120 m3个高度处质量分数接近,而在220m处明显降低;Ti元素在4个高度处的质量浓度接近,质量分数总体上随高度增加递增;Ni、Co、V、As、Cd、Hg质量分数随高度的变化不同,其中与燃煤有密切关系的Hg在120 m处质量分数明显高于其他高度处,而在220m处最低.Al、Fe、Na、K等元素相对富集因子小于或接近1,其质量浓度与PM10质量浓度时序分布的相关性较好,其中Al、Na相关系数随高度增加显著递减;Zn,Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Ni的相对富集因子显著大于1,其质量浓度与PM10质量浓度时序分布的相关性较差,相关系数随高度增加变化不大.     

含汞气田污水脱汞新技术

国内气田含汞污水处理主要采用硫化物沉淀法,辅以水处理絮凝剂增加沉淀效果。国外研究了一些含汞污水脱汞新工艺:沉淀一絮凝法、活性炭吸附法、离子交换法等,组合使用效果更佳,可脱除单质汞、离子汞和有机汞,脱汞深度可达1.0×10~(-9)mg/L级。借鉴国外含汞气田污水处理工艺,研究经济高效的脱汞工艺,减少汞污染,对我国含汞气田的合理开发具有重要的现实意义。     

A Modeling System to Assess Land Cover Land Use Change Effects on SAV Habitat in the Mobile Bay Estuary

Estuarine ecosystems are largely influenced by watersheds directly connected to them. In the Mobile Bay, Alabama watersheds we examined the effect of land cover and land use (LCLU) changes on discharge rate, water properties, and submerged aquatic vegetation, including freshwater macrophytes and seagrasses, throughout the estuary. LCLU scenarios from 1948, 1992, 2001, and 2030 were used to influence watershed and hydrodynamic models and evaluate the impact of LCLU change on shallow aquatic ecosystems. Overall, our modeling results found that LCLU changes increased freshwater flows into Mobile Bay altering temperature, salinity, and total suspended sediments (TSS). Increased urban land uses coupled with decreased agricultural/pasture lands reduced TSS in the water column. However, increased urbanization or agricultural/pasture land coupled with decreased forest land resulted in higher TSS concentrations. Higher sediment loads were usually strongly correlated with higher TSS levels, except in areas where a large extent of wetlands retained sediment discharged during rainfall events. The modeling results indicated improved water clarity in the shallow aquatic regions of Mississippi Sound and degraded water clarity in the Wolf Bay estuary. This integrated modeling approach will provide new knowledge and tools for coastal resource managers to manage shallow aquatic habitats that provide critical ecosystem services.     

重庆主城区次级河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及风险评价

山地城市次级河流因季节性降雨容易导致沉积物中污染物形成"二次污染",沉积物可能具有重金属潜在生态风险.本文采集了重庆市主城区19条次级河流表层沉积物,分析了7种重金属元素(V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb)的污染水平,解析了重金属污染来源,并从流域层面评价次级河流表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险.结果表明,与背景值(中国土壤元素背景值)相比,除V外,其它6种重金属元素超标1.1~6.7倍.富集系数分析和主成分分析显示,沉积物中重金属V、Ni和Pb均未发生富集(富集系数小于1.5),且主要来源于自然源.Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr平均富集系数分别为6.63、2.31、1.90和1.40,均存在不同程度的富集;Cr、Zn和Cu主要来源于工业废水的排放.主城区次级河流表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数RI值范围为77~382,均值为228,总体属于中等生态风险等级.空间分布上,重庆主城区西北部汇入嘉陵江的次级河流表层沉积物重金属表现出较高的生态风险,东南部汇入长江的次级河流表层沉积物表现为相对较低的风险.     

海河流域河流富营养化程度总体评估

以海河流域2009年地表水水质现状数据为基础,分别运用河流水体富营养化潜势和浮游植物表征河流富营养化水平.结果显示,流域河流水体中富营养盐含量相对较高,河流水体中TN、NH3-N平均含量分别为8.13、4.34 mg·L-1,分别超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅴ类限值(2 mg·L-1)4倍、2倍以上.北三河水系(北运河、潮白河、蓟运河)、子牙河水系和海河干流中TN浓度超过9 mg·L-1;海河流域河流水体中TP平均含量为0.87 mg·L-1,超过地表水Ⅴ类限值(0.4 mg·L-1)2倍以上.北三河水系、子牙河水系和黑龙港运东水系水中TP平均含量均超过1.0 mg·L-1.主要河流3%处于中或贫营养,44%处于极富营养化水平,主要分布在北三河水系、子牙河水系和漳卫河水系,表明流域河流总体呈现富营养化状态,平原段河流富营养化严重.河流治理要兼顾耗氧污染控制和营养盐控制,以改善河流水质.     

Effects of initial decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth and physiology of Impatiens balsamina北大核心CSCD

A pot experiment was conducted to study the allelopathic effects of initial decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth and physiology of Impatiens balsamina. Three leaf litter treatments included 20, 40 and 80 g of C. camphora leaf litter mixed with 8 kg of soil, namely T1, T2, and T3, respectively. In order to test the effect of leaf litter addition on the permeability and ventilation of soil simultaneously, a parallel trial with steamed leaf litter was conducted with the three treatments of the leaf litter. The leaf litter was steamed for 2 d to remove the secondary metabolites as much as possible, dried, and then mixed with 8 kg of soil, namely Z1, Z2, and Z3, respectively. No leaf litter was added in control (CK). The growth parameters of I. balsamina were determined at the 20 d, 60 d, 100 d and 120 d after sowing and the main physiology indicators were determined at the 60 d. The results indicated that: (1) The ground surface diameter and height of I. balsamina were inhibited significantly at 60 d (P < 0.05). Photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange parameters of I. balsamina were inhibited significantly at 60 d, and the inhibition effect was stronger with increased amount of leaf litter addition. The chlorophyll content, Pn and Ls decreased significantly with increased amount of leaf litter (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves of I. balsamina decreased with the increase of leaf litter addition. The content of MDA in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were all higher than that in CK, which indicated that I. balsamina suffered oxidative damage in a certain degree. The content of free proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS) in leaves of I. balsamina decreased significantly with the increase of the leaf litter (P < 0.05), while the content of soluble protein (SP) increased. (2) In the parallel trial, 60 d after sowing, no obvious difference was observed between CK and any steamed leaf litter treatment in terms of the morphological and physiological features stated above (P > 0.05). It indicated that the soil physical properties were not greatly influenced by leaf litter addition in the dose interval designed, or that the release of secondary metabolites from decomposing leaf litter was probably a better reason to explain the inhibition of leaf litter treatment to I. balsamina growth. (3)The compound effect (CE) of leaf litter decomposition on I. balsamina was enhanced with increase of the leaf litter, to 0.169, 0.354, and 0.497, respectively, in treatments of T1, T2 and T3. The study indicated that initial decomposition of C. camphora leaf litter in soil reduces the content of photosynthetic pigments, inhibits photosynthetic capacity and resistance physiology of I. balsamina, weakens its adaptability to the environment, and restrains growth of the plant. © 2015, Science Press. All rights reserved.