常规金属离子对Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒悬浮和沉降的影响

水体中的有机质、无机盐及酸碱度是影响纳米材料迁移转化的主要因素.考察了Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Sr~(2+)和Ba~(2+)对Fe_3O_4磁性纳米材料(Magnetic Nanoparticles,MNPs)的沉降作用.结果表明,Fe_3O_4MNPs的沉降作用是水体pH、金属离子化合价、离子强度共同影响的结果.整体上,碱土金属离子较Na~+更能加速Fe_3O_4MNPs的沉降.当pH为5.0时,浓度低于1.0 mmol·L~(-1)的Na~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)有助于Fe_3O_4MNPs的悬浮;当浓度大于1.0 mmol·L~(-1)时,较强的离子强度促使Fe_3O_4MNPs团聚,发生沉降.当pH为9.0时,碱土金属离子较Na~+更能促使Fe_3O_4MNPs聚沉.因此,纳米颗粒在水体中的扩散和聚沉需要综合考虑金属离子种类和浓度.     

Investigation of a new approach to decompose two potent greenhouse gases: photoreduction of SF(6) and SF(5)CF(3) in the presence of acetone

In this paper, we addressed the utilization of photochemical method as an innovative technology for the destruction and removal of two potent greenhouse gases, SF(6) and SF(5)CF(3). The destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of the process was determined as a function of excitation wavelength, irradiation time, initial ratio of acetone to SF(5)X (X represented F or CF(3)), initial SF(5)X concentration, additive oxygen and water vapor concentration. A complete removal was achieved by a radiation period of 55min and 120min for SF(6)-CH(3)COCH(3) system and SF(5)CF(3)-CH(3)COCH(3) system respectively under 184.9nm irradiation. Extra addition of water vapor can enhance DRE by approximately 6% points in both systems. Further studies with GC/MS and FT-IR proved that no hazardous products such as S(2)F(10), SO(2)F(2), SOF(2), SOF(4) were generated in this process.     

Sb release characteristics of the solid waste produced in antimony mining smelting process

Sb release characteristics of blast furnace slag, mining waste rock and tailing sand were investigated in static immersion and dynamic leaching test. These three kinds of waste samples were collected from the antimony mine in Lengshuijiang, China, produced in mining smelting process. Effects of solid/liquid ratio, sample size and pH of leaching solution on Sb release characteristics were inspected based on the analysis of scanning electron microscope, pH and EC of leachate. The optimal parameters for Sb leaching of each sample were analyzed. For blast furnace slag and mining waste rock, Sb release contents increased along with the decline of solid/liquid ratio. The maximum accumulative release contents were 42.13, 34.26 mg/kg at the solid/liquid ratio of 1:20. While Sb release content for tailing sand decreased first and then increased with the reduction of solid/liquid ratio. When the solid/liquid ratio was 1:5, the accumulative Sb release content reached the most (24.30 mg/kg). Sb release content of mining waste rock increased with the drop of leaching solution pH, with the highest accumulative release content of 26.01 mg/kg at pH 2.0. Sb release contents of blast furnace slag and tailing sand showed positive correlation with the variation of leaching solution pH. The maximum accumulative release contents of these two samples were 215.91 and 147.83 mg/kg, respectively, when leaching solution pH was 7.0. In summary, Sb release capacity of the three samples in descending order was tailing sand, blast furnace slag and mining waste rock. pH and EC of the leachate in dynamic test varied independently with the initial pH of leaching solution while showing close relationship with mineral hydrolysis in the waste.     

自养型锰氧化菌的选育及除锰效果研究

自养型生物除锰滤池可以有效地去除地下水中的锰,为了获取接种该滤池的菌种并探究其除锰效果,利用改良的JFM培养基对曝气池中的活性污泥进行驯化培养,筛选出了除锰率在90%以上的高效自养型锰氧化菌。通过平板培养和革兰氏染色,得到3种不同的菌落且均为阴性菌,16S rDNA基因组测序发现5种不同的科属。菌液经过2个周期的传代培养,探究其除锰效果,最高除锰率达到了98%。     

Effect of alginate on the aggregation kinetics of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs): bridging interaction and hetero-aggregation induced by Ca<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

The stability of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) is expected to play a key role in the environmental risk assessment of nanotoxicity in aquatic systems. In this study, the effect of alginate (model polysaccharides) on the stability of CuO NPs in various environmentally relevant ionic strength conditions was investigated by using time-resolved dynamic light scattering. Significant aggregation of CuO NPs was observed in the presence of both monovalent and divalent cations. The critical coagulation concentrations (CCC) were 54.5 and 2.9 mM for NaNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂, respectively. The presence of alginate slowed nano-CuO aggregation rates over the entire NaNO₃ concentration range due to the combined electrostatic and steric effect. High concentrations of Ca²⁺ (>6 mM) resulted in stronger adsorption of alginate onto CuO NPs; however, enhanced aggregation of CuO NPs occurred simultaneously under the same conditions. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the bridging interaction of alginate with Ca²⁺ might be an important mechanism for the enhanced aggregation. Furthermore, significant coagulation of the alginate molecules was observed in solutions of high Ca²⁺ concentrations, indicating a hetero-aggregation mechanism between the alginate-covered CuO NPs and the unabsorbed alginate. These results suggested a different aggregation mechanism of NPs might co-exist in aqueous systems enriched with natural organic matter, which should be taken into consideration in future studies.

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Graphical abstract Hetero-aggregation mechanism of CuO nanoparticles and alginate under high concentration of Ca²⁺

     

16S rDNA克隆文库解析AO-MBR系统中细菌种群多样性

采用分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对缺氧/好氧膜生物反应器(AO-MBR)的好氧池与缺氧池中细菌进行了多样性研究.实验结果表明,好氧池污泥样品的克隆文库包括9个类群,其中变形菌(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)在文库中所占比例最大,分别为37.04％和14.81％;其次是酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)、未培养菌(uncultured bacterium)、绿菌(Chlorobi)和未培养的绿弯菌(uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium)、浮霉状菌(Planctomycetes),分别为11.11％、11.11％、7.41％、7.41％和5.56％;硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospirae)和裸藻门(Euglenozoa)所占比例相对较小,均为1.85％.缺氧池样品克隆文库包括10个类群,其中变形菌(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium)在文库中所占比例最大,分别为27.91％、13.95％和12.79％;其次是浮霉状菌(Planctomycetes)、酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)和绿弯菌(Chloroflexi),在文库中所占比例分别为9.3％、9.3％和9.3％;硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospirae)、裸藻门(Euglenozoa)、芽单胞菌(Gemmatimonadetes)和放线菌(Actinobacteria)所占比例相对较少,分别为6.98％、8.14％、1.16％和1.16％.两池细菌的主要类群相似,但菌属及比例有所差异,变形菌是系统中的主要脱氮菌属.     

尿素基纤维的制备及对水中Cu2+和Cd2+的吸附

以棉纤维为原料,经氯化和取代反应,制得尿素基纤维并用于水中Cu^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附,考察了各种因素对吸附效果的影响。尿素基纤维对Cu^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附可用Langmuir等温吸附方程描述,吸附过程可看成单层吸附。较佳吸附条件：重金属离子溶液pH为5,流量为7mL／min。用过的尿素基纤维经2mol／L的盐酸洗脱再生后,对Cu^2＋的吸附、解吸、再吸附的性能良好,可重复使用。     

酚类化合物在矿化垃圾中的吸附性能与结构相关性研究

采用静态吸附方法,对8种酚类化合物在矿化垃圾中的吸附行为进行了研究,并用Langmuir和Fieundlish等温吸附方程对其进行了拟合.研究结果表明,8种代酚的吸附能力大小顺序为3-甲基酚＞4-甲氧基酚＞4-氯酚＞2,4-二氯酚＞3-硝基酚＞4-硝基酚＞2-氯酚＞苯酚.对8种酚类化合物Langmuir和Frendlich等温吸附方程常数和18个量子化学参数采用PLS进行逐步回归分析,得到了以Frendlich方程参数lnκ为因变量的数学模型.该模型表明,有机酚在矿化垃圾中的吸附性能主要与有机酚分子的疏水性和极性有关.而且该模型得到的预测值与实测值接近,说明利用PLS进行回归处理得到的模型较为合理、能有效地预测有机酚类化合物在矿化垃圾中的吸附行为.     

等离子体与光催化耦合净化空气污染物研究现状

综合探讨了低温等离子体与光催化耦合这一新兴技术净化空气污染物的机理,讨论了影响耦合净化功能的主要因素以及臭氧的去除方法,介绍了该技术在去除挥发性有机物、氮氧化物、除菌等方面的研究现状,提出了其今后的研究方向。     

鲢鱼放养控制北京城市河湖水华试验研究

介绍了利用鲢鱼控制北京城市河湖水华的试验研究,通过不同放养密度(0、17、51和103 g/m3)的现场围隔试验,对鲢鱼放养对水体水质和浮游生物的影响进行了分析.研究结果表明,鲢鱼放养使有鱼围隔中浮游生物量极低,从而使浮游植物基本不受浮游动物影响,而直接受鱼类影响;同时,中等密度(51 g/m3)的鲢鱼放养使水华蓝藻和微小藻的生长均得到了有效抑制,使藻类生物量最低.