末次盛冰期以来长江镇江段古河槽沉积特征

选择长江镇江—扬州段作为研究对象。搜集整理了润扬长江大桥地质勘探钻孔96个,根据钻孔资料,绘制了长江古河槽地质剖面示意图。选择了3个典型钻孔分析其分层沉积特征。根据典型钻孔及地质剖面,结合参考文献中的年代,分析了长江镇江段的沉积环境特征。结论认为:镇江段长江古河槽在-77.34 m切割到基岩,约-60 m以下为末次盛冰期时的长江河槽,约-60 m—-40 m为晚冰期河床沉积,约-40 m以上、局部-55 m以上为全新世沉积。古河槽中的沉积物包括末次盛冰期的河床滞留沉积、之后海面上升引起的溯源堆积、全新世最大海侵时的河口砂坝沉积及三角洲平原形成以来的沉积在内,最厚处七十余米。下部的河床滞留沉积、溯源堆积,主要是粗砂砾石、细砂等;上部在河流、潮流及河口环境的共同作用下,形成了粉砂、亚粘土、淤泥质亚粘土等互层的沉积。全新世最大海侵以来,北岸淤积速率快,主河床逐步向南偏移。     

重庆三峡库区生态补偿标准差别化模型构建及应用研究

生态补偿是当前国际公认的重要的生态环境保护手段,但如何表征、量化和确定生态补偿标准,完善生态补偿机制,仍是当前生态补偿研究中的一个重要而未解决的问题.本研究以重庆三峡库区后续发展过程中不同本底类型的典型样区为研究对象,通过对重庆三峡库区各区域的自然和经济条件的分析,基于生态系统服务价值法和机会成本法,构建生态补偿标准化模型,引入差异系数,对重庆三峡库区各区域的生态补偿标准进行测算,科学制定各区域生态补偿分配标准.结果表明:位于库区西南段的主城区(包括渝北区、江北区、渝中区、江津区和北碚区等),这些区域经济实力雄厚,社会经济差异系数较大,但由于机会成本较低,受到自然价值和区域公平差异系数的影响较小,所以最终生态补偿额度比较低;三峡库区北段(巫山县、巫溪县、云阳县、奉节县和开县)的生态补偿额度较高,主要原因是机会成本大,受差异系数影响,理论损失成本大,但在这些地区的自然资源比较丰富,适合开展旅游行业,增加经济收入,缩小与其他区县的社会经济差距.     

燃煤电厂氮氧化物产生浓度影响因素的敏感性和相关性研究

燃煤电厂氮氧化物产生浓度监测是计算排放浓度的基础,要实现氮氧化物排放浓度的控制,研究其产生浓度的影响因素很重要.因此,本文选取了187组燃煤电厂的现场实测及历史实测氮氧化物数据,装机规模覆盖12～1000MW,通过敏感性分析和偏相关分析,对不同类型燃煤机组氮氧化物产生浓度的各主要影响因素进行定量分析.敏感性分析发现,采用低氮燃烧技术的发电锅炉中,影响氮氧化物产生浓度的因素依次为机组规模、空气过剩系数、机组负荷率、煤中挥发分、煤中含氮量;未采用低氮燃烧技术的发电锅炉中,影响氮氧化物产生浓度的因素依次为煤中挥发分、空气过剩系数、机组规模、机组负荷率、煤中含氮量.通过偏相关分析发现,对于采用低氮燃烧技术的发电锅炉,在置信水平为99%的情况下,氮氧化物产生浓度与机组规模呈负相关关系,偏相关系数为-0.412;与空气过剩系数呈正相关关系,偏相关系数为0.265;与煤中挥发分呈负相关关系,偏相关系数为-0.355;与机组负荷率呈正相关关系,偏相关系数为0.245;与煤中含氮量的相关性不显著.对于未采用低氮燃烧技术的发电锅炉,在置信水平为99%的情况下,氮氧化物产生浓度与机组规模呈正相关关系,偏相关系数为0.345;与空气过剩系数呈正相关关系,偏相关系数为0.325;与煤中挥发分呈负相关关系,偏相关系数为-0.543;与机组负荷率及煤中含氮量的相关性不显著.     

建设绿色油田的实践与探索

建设绿色油田,是落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会的需要,是造福当代、惠及子孙的事业。新疆油田公司在油田的总体发展目标中,把建设绿色油田摆在了非常突出的位置,并于2007年以来进行了积极的实践和探索,分析了取得的效果,找出了存在的问题,提出了相应的对策与建议。     

Partitioning and sources of PAHs in wastewater receiving streams of Tianjin,China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) partitioning among dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter, pore water, and sediment was studied in one moderately contaminated river (Yongding New River) and two highly contaminated drainage canals (South Drainage Canal and North Drainage Canal) of Tianjin, China. PAHs concentrations in sediment (ranged from 0.2 to 195 μg/g) showed positive relations with both total organic carbon contents (ranged from 0.7% to 31.1%, dw) and black carbon contents (ranged from 0.1% to 2.1%, dw) in the sediments. Moreover, most of the measured organic carbon normalized partition coefficients of PAHs in the three streams were 0.76 to 1.54 log units higher than the predicted values. These indicated that strong and nonlinear sorption of PAHs by carbonaceous geosorbents such as black carbon (BC) existed in the streams, and BC was an important part of the carbonaceous particles controlling the partitioning of PAHs in the sediments of this study. PAH component ratio analyses suggested that PAHs in the three streams, effluent samples from wastewater treatment plants, and soil samples by the riverbank had similar main sources, which is coal/petroleum combustion. We suggested the transportation and transformation of both carbonaceous particles and PAHs during wastewater treatment process, surface runoff, etc, should be studied further in order to make decisions on PAHs controlling measures.     

用稳健统计法处理方法标准验证实验中方法检出限数据

方法检出限是分析方法基本性能参数之一。根据《环境监测分析方法标准制修订技术导则》(HJ 168—2010)的要求,此参数需要6家以上实验室基于特定样品测试数据的标准偏差得到。目前,标准文本大多采用各家实验室方法检出限中最大值。研究提出用稳健统计法处理方法验证数据,无需识别和删去离群值,可将离群值的影响降到最小。基于4组公开发表数据和2组实测数据,比较了不同方法计算结果。结果表明:参与统计的3组数据29个检测项目中,常规方法确认的方法检出限被判为离群值占27.6%。取最大值存在数值偏高的风险。提出了用曼德尔k检验法识别1组方法检出限数据中的离群值,该方法同样可以用于实验室数据与标准文本中方法检出限符合性判断。     

Heavy metal speciation in various types of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerator

Fly ash (FA) from municipal solid waste incinerators has been known as hazardous waste, which is mostly because of the high content of heavy metal and dioxins. Besides the content, the form of the heavy metals in fly ash is also very important, because it is tightly related with the leaching behavior of fly ash in diverse circumstances. To evaluate the environment potential risk of fly ash, the Tessier chemical extraction method was adopted. In this study, four kinds of fly ash were examined, one sample from China (CFA) and the other three from Japan (RFA, CaFA and NaFA). Five metal elements were detected and they were Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Cu. The result of total heavy metals’ concentration showed CFA has the lowest content. As to the Tessier chemical extraction experiments, the results show that Cd, Pb, and Cu have higher leaching risk in the environment than other heavy metals. The result of leaching test experiment showed that the more exchangeable speciation of Cd, Cr and Pb in FA, the more it could leach out in natural environment.     

Evaluation of removal efficiency for acute toxicity and genotoxicity on zebrafish in anoxic–oxic process from selected municipal wastewater treatment plants

The anoxic–oxic (A/O) process has been extensively applied for simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and nitrogen in wastewater treatment. However, very little is known about its ability to remove toxic materials. Municipal wastewater contains various kinds of pollutants, some of which have recalcitrant genotoxicity and may cause potential threat to environment, and even can lead to extinction of many species. In this study, we have selected three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employing anoxic–oxic (A/O) process to evaluate their ability to remove acute toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewater. Mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used to evaluate acute toxicity, while micronucleus (MN) and comet assays were used to detect genotoxicity. Results showed that in this process the acute toxicity was completely removed as the treatment proceeded along with decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (<50 mg L^?1) in the effluent. However, in these treatment processes the genotoxicity was not significantly reduced, but an increase in genotoxicity was observed. Both MN and comet assays showed similar results. The eliminated effluent may pose genotoxic threaten although its COD level has met the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. This study suggests that further treatment of the wastewater is required after the A/O process to remove the genotoxicity and minimize the ecotoxicological risk.     

FeⅡ(EDTA)协同生物转鼓过滤器去除NO的实验研究

采用自行研制的生物转鼓反应器(RDB)处理难溶于水的NO废气,为提高NO的传质系数和去除效率,实验考察了营养液中添加FeⅡ(EDTA)络合剂协同RDB以提高NO去除效率的过程.结果表明,当空床停留时间(EBRT)为0.96 min时,在营养液中添加FeⅡ(EDTA)至100mg/L后,NO的去除效率从70.78%升至7...     

催化裂化钠碱脱硫液中钙镁离子的去除

研究了化学沉淀法和氨基膦酸型螯合树脂吸附法对催化裂化钠碱脱硫液中Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的去除效果。实验结果表明:NaOH沉淀法可有效去除钠碱脱硫液中的Mg~(2+),当溶液pH为12、反应时间为15 min时,Mg~(2+)去除率达91.6%;NaOH-Na_2CO_3联合沉淀法无法去除钠碱脱硫液中的Ca~(2+);经过NaOH溶液有效除Mg~(2+)后的脱硫液再采用氨基膦酸型螯合树脂吸附柱去除其中的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),可使出水硬度小于2 mg/L。提高进水pH、降低进水流量、降低进水硬度均可提高单位体积树脂的处理水量。