强化污泥利用水解反应器改善碳源与污泥减量作用研究

通过改进传统水解池,强化水解池中的初沉污泥水解,以改善优质碳源比例.强化污泥利用水解反应器集悬浮物的沉淀分离和污泥的水解酸化为一体,经强化污泥利用水解反应器处理后,废水中SS去除率达到81.4%,SS/BOD5由进水的2.4下降至0.4;SCOD/COD、COD0.45～5/COD分别提高了35.4%和17.7%,而COD>100/COD下降了53.2%;BOD5/TN从3.7提高至4.7;BOD5/TP从23.8提高至36.4.废水的碳源结构得到了改善.同时,在强化污泥利用水解反应器中完成了对污泥的处理,污泥水解率达到51.9%,实现了污泥的资源化与减量化.     

Arsenic speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern, Pteris vittata

Arsenic(As)speciation for the phytoremediation by the Chinese brake fern was studied.In particular,the mechanism of how plants induce compounds containing thiol(SH)and proteins by As exposure in terms of the relationship between As and phosphate uptaken into plant cells was examined.Pteris vittata callus could effciently reduce As(V)to As(III)by the rapid introduction of reductase and synthesize thiols leading to phytochelatins production.Furthermore,Pteris vittata could control phosphate concentration in t...     

Mesoscale meteorological modelling for Hong Kong-application of the MC2 model

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Soil frost control: agricultural adaptation to climate variability in a cold region of Japan

In the northernmost region of Japan (Hokkaido Island), earlier onsets of thick snowcover in recent years (post 1980) have reduced the penetration depth of soil frost, resulting in over-winter survival of unharvested small potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers that emerge as weeds in the spring in rotation crop fields. To prevent the occurrence of potato weeds, a method was developed to manipulate soil-frost depths by artificially controlling snowcover thickness, guided by a simple numerical model that simulates soil freezing-thawing processes using daily mean air temperature and snowcover thinckness as input variables. The method involves removal of snowcover to expose the soil surface in the beginning of winter until the soil freezes to a sufficient depth. After that time, snow is deposited back or allowed to accumulate naturally to prevent further penetration of frost, which may cause undesirable delay in the seeding of spring crops. Field trials indicated that the model predicted frost depths within several centimeters of observed values, when measured temperature and snowcover thickness were used as model input. Based on the field and laboratory data, a soil temperature of −3°C is necessary for complete elimination of potato tubers. To achieve this temperature in potato-burial zones without causing excessive freezing, an optimal frost depth is 0.3 to 0.4 m. The method is being adopted by progressive potato producers in the region, who use tractor-mounted snow ploughs to manipulate snowcover over a large scale. This is an emerging new technology for agricultural adaptation to climate variability.     

A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island

Urban Heat Island （UHI） is considered as one of the major problems in the 21st century posed to human beings as a result of urbanization and industrialization of human civilization. The large amount of heat generated from urban structures, as they consume and re-radiate solar radiations, and from the anthropogenic heat sources are the main causes of UHI. The two heat sources increase the temperatures of an urban area as compared to its surroundings, which is known as Urban Heat Island Intensity （UHII）. The problem is even worse in cities or metropolises with large population and extensive economic activities. The estimated three billion people living in the urban areas in the world are directly exposed to the problem, which will be increased significantly in the near future. Due to the severity of the problem, vast research effort has been dedicated and a wide range of literature is available for the subject. The literature available in this area includes the latest research approaches, concepts, methodologies, latest investigation tools and mitigation measures. This study was carded out to review and summarize this research area through an investigation of the most important feature of UHI. It was concluded that the heat re-radiated by the urban structures plays the most important role which should be investigated in details to study urban heating especially the UHI. It was also concluded that the future research should be focused on design and planning parameters for reducing the effects of urban heat island and ultimately living in a better environment.     

Towards corporate environmental information disclosure: an empirical study in China

High levels of corporate environmental information disclosure (EID) have become pressing issues due to environmental protection around the world. Corporate EID refers to disclose their information on activities related to the natural environment, environmental protection and use of resource. Emerging economies in developing countries seem to face a formidable task for promoting corporate EID. Based on data of corporate EID for 871 listed manufacturing companies in China, this paper examines the status of corporate EID. The significant difference of selectively disclosing their environmental information for the listed companies is investigated. The relations among the level of EID, industrial sector, company size, and company ownership are also explored. Surprisingly, the result reveals the inverse relationship between the marketization level and corporate EID.     

The effect of a systemic arteriovenous fistula on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the fetal sheep

In order to investigate whether systemic arteriovenous fistula occurring during the fetal period could induce pulmonary hypertension at birth, a fistula was surgically created between the carotid artery and jugular vein of fetal lambs at 120 days' gestation. Mean pressures in the left pulmonary artery, aorta, atrium and ventricles were measured at birth in seven experimental animals and in five control animals. Mean left pulmonary pressure was significantly higher in the lambs with fistula as compared with the control group, suggesting that prenatal occurrence of systemic arteriovenous fistula may induce fetal pulmonary hypertension. The present study provides a new animal model that could be relevant for the study of mechanisms regulating pulmonary vascular tone in the perinatal period. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome and the introduction of a new fluorimetric enzyme assay

Prenatal diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II; MPS II) is preferably achieved by the assay of iduronate-2-sulphate sulphatase (IDS) in uncultured chorionic villi (CV) as this allows early (12th week), rapid (2–3 days) and reliable results. We summarize the results of 174 prenatal analyses in the past 30 years, using various methods such as radiolabelled sulphate incorporation in amniotic fluid (AF) cells, glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-electrophoresis in AF and IDS assay in CV, CV-cells, AF and AF-cells. Twenty-seven fetuses with MPS II were diagnosed after finding clearly abnormal results in pregnancies with a male fetus; very low IDS activity has also been measured in some pregnancies with a (heterozygous) female fetus, emphasizing the need to combine enzyme assay with fetal sex determination. IDS activity has until recently been assessed by a cumbersome radioactive enzyme assay. Here we describe the use of a novel fluorigenic 4-methylumbelliferyl substrate, which allows a sensitive, rapid and convenient assay of IDS activity and reliable early prenatal diagnosis. This novel IDS assay was validated in retrospective analyses of 14 CV, CV-cell, AF and AF-cell samples from affected pregnancies in addition to prospective prenatal diagnosis in eight pregnancies at risk with one MPS II-affected fetus. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水稻不同生育期As胁迫下As累积关键生育期

水稻不同生育期对As的吸收累积差异明显.为研究水稻糙米As累积的关键生育期,明确不同生育期吸收累积As对糙米As累积的贡献,本研究通过水培试验,分别在水稻分蘖期(30 d)、拔节期(16 d)、孕穗期(13 d)、灌浆期(17 d)、蜡熟期(15 d)、成熟期(13 d)和全生育期(104 d)添加外源As,及不添加外源As处理作为对照CK.结果表明:(1)不同生育期As胁迫对水稻植株生物量有显著影响,与对照CK相比,单一时期As胁迫处理中仅分蘖期As胁迫处理下植株生物量增加,其他处理均降低,其中孕穗期As胁迫处理最低,所有单一时期As胁迫处理植株生物量均高于全生育时期As胁迫下植株生物量;(2)6个单一时期As胁迫处理糙米中As含量均高于对照CK糙米中As含量,范围为0.08～0.24 mg·kg^-1,其中孕穗期As胁迫处理糙米As含量最高,为全生育时期As胁迫处理糙米As含量的64.9%;(3)6个单一时期As胁迫处理糙米As的累积量均高于对照CK,范围为1.4～4.5μg·株^-1,其中孕穗期As胁迫处理糙米As累积量最高,其次是灌浆期,...     

Codisposal of municipal refuse, sewage sludge and marine dredgings for methane production

As marine disposal of sewage sludge and dredged sediments may impose serious adverse effects to marine ecosystems, landfilling seems to be the most feasible method for the final disposal of these wastes. A batch experiment was conducted to study waste degradation and gas production after sewage sludge and marine dredgings were mixed with municipal refuse at 13 different ratios for 36 days. The addition of sludge and dredgings to municipal refuse enhanced gas production, compared with the degradation of refuse or sludge alone. A proper mixing ratio of wastes can also shorten the time to reach the final phase of anaerobiosis. The highest gas production was obtained from the ratio of 75-20-5 (refuse-sludge-dredgings) (wet weight basis). Its average daily gas production rate was 1.42 l kg(-1) waste mixture; methane content was 68.3%. The results indicated that codisposal of the three wastes would be beneficial for energy recovery from landfill gas.