北京石景山地区大气中有机污染物特征与成因

对北京石景山地区大气中有机质浓度、各族组成及其饱和烃、多环芳烃的组成和分布特征进行了分析。大气中共检测出40多种多环芳烃,其中很多属于美国国家环保局(EPA)优先控制污染物,以及具有致癌和怀疑有致癌性的多环芳烃。其主要来源于煤的不完全燃烧,也有相当部分来源于汽车尾气的排放。其中煤比石油所造成的污染更为严重。      

中国省际SO2排放的环境学习曲线及减排潜力

基于2005年SO₂排放量,对人均SO₂排放量和万元产值SO₂排放量的区域分布格局及其成因进行了定量分析;同时,基于1992—2005年SO₂排放量和经济发展数据,建立了28个省区万元产值SO₂排放量随人均GDP变化的环境学习曲线;并以所建立的环境学习曲线为依据,分析了1992,1995,2000和2005年4个时段的环境负荷变化及SO₂的减排潜力.结果表明:经济发展水平越高的地区,万元产值SO₂排放的负荷越小,万元产值SO₂减排的潜力越小;反之,经济发展水平越低的地区,万元产值SO₂排放的负荷越大,万元产值SO₂减排的潜力越大.      

Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia Plateau

Understanding how the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of arid and semiarid ecosystems of the world responds to variations in precipitation is crucial for assessing the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Rain-use efficiency (RUE) is an important measure for acquiring this understanding. However, little is known about the response pattern of RUE for the largest contiguous natural grassland region of the world, the Eurasian Steppe. Here we investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of ANPP and RUE and their key driving factors based on a long-term data set from 21 natural arid and semiarid ecosystem sites across the Inner Mongolia steppe region in northern China. Our results showed that, with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP), (1) ANPP increased while the interannual variability of ANPP declined, (2) plant species richness increased and the relative abundance of key functional groups shifted predictably, and (3) RUE increased in space across different ecosystems but decreased with increasing annual precipitation within a given ecosystem. These results clearly indicate that the patterns of both ANPP and RUE are scale dependent, and the seemingly conflicting patterns of RUE in space vs. time suggest distinctive underlying mechanisms, involving interactions among precipitation, soil N, and biotic factors. Also, while our results supported the existence of a common maximum RUE, they also indicated that its value could be substantially increased by altering resource availability, such as adding nitrogen. Our findings have important implications for understanding and predicting ecological impacts of global climate change and for management practices in arid and semiarid ecosystems in the Inner Mongolia steppe region and beyond.     

MAP法和SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

氨氮浓度为2570.45mg·l-1的垃圾渗滤液经磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理后的处理出水中TN约为79.35mg·l-1,TP约为10.35mg·l-1,电导率约为78000μS·cm-1.研究用SBR法进一步处理处理出水的可行性.用常规的活性污泥,探讨了污水的含盐量和系统运行周期对TN,TP和COD去除率的影响.结果表明,当垃圾渗滤液处理出水和生活污水以1: 4混合后,TN约为48.0mg·l-1,TP约为6.0mg·l-1,COD约为1150.0mg·l-1,电导率略为15000μS·cm-1.运行的适宜周期为12h(其中厌氧2.0h,好氧5.0h,缺氧3.5h,后耗氧0.5h,沉淀排水和闲置1.0h).在此条件下,出水TN小于15 mg·l-1,TP小于1.0mg·l-1,COD约为110mg·l-1.TN,TP和COD去除率分别约为77%,87%和90%.     

Egg pigmentation reflects female and egg quality in the spotless starling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sturnus unicolor</Emphasis>

It has been proposed that blue colouration in eggs has evolved as a signal of female quality that males can use to modulate their parental investment. This hypothesis is based in the antioxidant properties of biliverdin whose costly deposition in the eggshell is expected to signal female antioxidant capacity and egg quality. Since maternally derived androgens are costly to produce and may adaptively affect offspring phenotype, high-quality females may benefit by signalling their androgen investment through egg colouration. Our aim was to investigate whether egg colour variation in the spotless starling reflected the amount of pigments on the eggshell and whether egg pigmentation was related to female and egg quality. Chromatography analyses revealed that spotless starling eggshells contained two different pigments: biliverdin and protoporphyrin IX with no correlation between them. Biliverdin contents correlated positively with egg colouration indicating that darker eggs with a higher peak in the blue–green segment of the spectrum contained higher amounts of biliverdin. Eggs containing more biliverdin were laid by high-quality females and contained higher yolk testosterone levels. However, despite the strong correlation between biliverdin and colorimetric variables, egg colouration did not reflect accurately female and egg quality. Our results provide evidence that eggshell pigmentation in the spotless starling is related to female and egg quality as shown by the yolk testosterone levels. However, the lack of relation between egg colour and female condition and egg quality do not provide evidence to support the signalling function of egg colouration.     

中国草地生态系统服务功能价值遥感估算研究

草地生态系统是我国陆地上面积最大的生态系统,不仅生产大量的产品,而且提供巨大的生态服务功能。利用遥感技术估算草地生态系统服务价值,具有廉价、动态、快速、范围广等优点,并可解决传统方法所不能解决的空间异质性问题。论文考虑有机物质生产、维持CO₂和O₂平衡、营养物质循环、对环境污染的净化作用、土壤侵蚀控制和涵养水源等主要服务功能,提出了一个基于净初级生产力(NPP)和植被覆盖率的草地生态系统服务价值估算方法,并介绍了从MODIS数据反演NPP和植被覆盖率的方法。对2003年我国草地生态系统服务价值的估算结果表明,我国草地生态系统总服务价值达17050.25×10⁸元,平均48.44×10⁴元/km²,是草地生产收益的19倍;不同类型的草地生态系统单位面积服务价值空间差异悬殊,从5.62×10⁴元/km²变化到99.0×10⁴元/km²以上。     

电极铺设方式对填埋场渗漏检测定位的影响

利用高压直流电法,对单HDPE膜衬层模拟垃圾填埋场检测电极采用蜂窝状和栅格状2种铺设方式对漏洞定位影响进行了研究,通过2种算法进行了定位误差的比较.结果表明,在电极间距为1m时,蜂窝状电极铺设方式漏洞定位误差是栅格状误差的53%,但电极数量增加了13%.第1种算法的误差小且波动较小.检测电极采用蜂窝状铺设方式,电极间距为1m,回路电流为100mA时,漏洞定位误差不超过15cm.     

动态条件下各形态内源磷释放动力学研究

实验在流量为3L/d,水通量变化率为1.17 L(水)/g(湿泥).d-1的动态条件下模拟自然条件下内源磷的释放过程,对内源磷的释放过程、形态变化以及释放速率进行考察。研究表明,内源磷释放可分为两个阶段:快速释放阶段,释放速率由铁磷释放决定;慢速释放阶段,释放速率由铁磷释放和钙磷释放共同决定。整个释放过程中内源磷形态分布有较大变化。动力学分析表明总内源磷释放在表观上符合4.5级动力学反应,铁磷释放在表观上符合5.4级动力学反应,钙磷释放在表观上符合一级动力学反应。     

溴氰菊酯暴露与消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率的相关性研究

分析环境中溴氰菊酯暴露与人群消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率是否存在相关关系。方法收集1996~1999年沈阳市6个郊区县的溴氰菊酯暴露资料和1997~2002年消化系统恶性肿瘤死亡率资料,用SPSS(11.5)统计软件对每年农药使用密度与随后3年的消化系统恶性肿瘤平均死亡率进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果:每年的溴氰菊酯使用密度与随后3年的男性食管癌、胃癌、肝癌平均死亡率均显著相关。1997~1999年度溴氰菊酯使用密度与男性结直肠肛门癌死亡率有显著相关,而在1996年度不相关。在女性则相关的年份很少。结论:溴氰菊酯的暴露可能是男性食管癌、胃癌、肝癌死亡的危险因素之一。而其它相关结果尚不具有普遍性意义,今后仍需进一步深入开展相关方面的流行病学和毒理学研究。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融过程中重金属的固化机理以及熔渣浸出特性的研究

研究了中国垃圾焚烧飞灰中主要重金属在熔融过程的固定化机理,定义了固定率这个参数来表征此过程。采用了中国和美国的危险废物浸出毒性鉴别方法来判别飞灰及其熔融渣的浸出毒性。研究结果表明,固定率能够较好地表征重金属在熔融过程不同温度阶段的固定情况;按照中国和美国废物浸出毒性鉴别标准,飞灰熔融处理后的熔渣不属于危险废物,具备资源化利用的条件。