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241.
Cascading Effects of the Introduced Nile Perch on the Detritivorous/Phytoplanktivorous Species in the Sublittoral Areas of Lake Victoria 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
In the 1980s an explosive increase of the introduced Nile perch ( Lates sp.; Harrison 1991) in Lake Victoria caused the destruction of approximately 65% of the endemic haplochromine cichlids. The eradication of approximately 200 vertebrate species in less than a decade may well represent the largest extinction event among vertebrates during this century. The introduction of the Nile perch can be considered as a large-scale, albeit unintended, experiment. Farreaching changes in the food web are taking place. We present data on the importance of haplochromines in the ecosystem prior to the Nile perch boom. An analysis of the pelagic community in the sublittoral area of the Mwanza Gulf revealed that the phytoplanktivores formed 18% of the biomass of the total haplochromine community. In the benthic community, the detritivores that frequently included phytoplankton in their diet comprised 31% of the biomass. We examine the hypothesis that algal grazing was reduced by the disappearance of haplochromine phytoplanktivores and detritivores. The disappearance of these groups may have contributed to the recent algal blooms. To investigate this hypothesis we consider a second major change in the system. Coinciding with the decrease of the haplochromines, the number of atyid prawns, Caridina nilotica , has strongly increased. We present preliminary evidence that the stock of the detritivorous haplochromines that formerly comprised most of the demersal ichthyomass has (partially?) been replaced by the prawn. We discuss the possible mechanisms underlying this major change in the food web. With respect to the conservation of the Great African Lakes, tbe collapse of Lake Victoria's ecosystem should serve as an example of how easily a complex ecosystem can be irreversibly destroyed. 相似文献
242.
Mary K. Stapleton Oddmund Kleven Jan T. Lifjeld Raleigh J. Robertson 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(11):1725-1733
Recent attention has focused on genetic compatibility as an adaptive function for why females engage in extrapair mating.
We tested the genetic compatibility hypothesis in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) over five breeding seasons using data from ten microsatellite loci. Tree swallows are socially monogamous passerines exhibiting
high levels of extrapair paternity. Overall, we found that 47% of offspring were the result of extrapair fertilizations, and
83% of females produced at least one extrapair offspring. Consistently for all years, extrapair offspring were more heterozygous
than their maternal half-siblings, which is in accordance with the genetic compatibility hypothesis. The difference was largely
caused by the high heterozygosity of extrapair offspring sired by unknown males, suggesting that females are engaging in extrapair
copulations with geographically distant males to increase the likelihood of being inseminated by a more compatible mate. Our
findings support the idea that postcopulatory mechanisms are important for females when assessing potential sires for their
offspring. 相似文献
243.
Damjan Demšar Sašo Džeroski Thomas Larsen Jan Struyf Jørgen Axelsen Marianne Bruus Pedersen Paul Henning Krogh 《Ecological modelling》2006
In agricultural soil, a suite of anthropogenic events shape the ecosystem processes and populations. However, the impact from anthropogenic sources on the soil environment is almost exclusively assessed for chemicals, although other factors like crop and tillage practices have an important impact as well. Thus, the farming system as a whole should be evaluated and ranked according to its environmental benefits and impacts. Our starting point is a data set describing agricultural events and soil biological parameters. Using machine learning methods for inducing regression and model trees, we produce empirical models able to predict the soil quality from agricultural measures in terms of quantities describing the soil microarthropod community. We are also interested in discovering additional higher level knowledge. In particular, we have identified the most important factors influencing the population densities of springtails and mites and their biodiversity. We also identify to which agricultural actions different microarthropods react distinctly. To obtain this higher level knowledge, we employ multi-objective regression trees. 相似文献
244.
Effect of scale and dimensionality on the surfactant-enhanced solubilization of a residual DNAPL contamination 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The mass transfer rate from residual dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) to the mobile aqueous phase is an important parameter for the efficiency of surfactant-enhanced remediation through solubilization of this type of contamination. The mass transfer kinetics are highly dependent on the dimensionality of the system. In this study, irregularly shaped residual TCE saturations in two-dimensional saturated flow fields were flushed with a 2% polyoxyethylene sorbitan (20) monooleate (POESMO) solution until complete removal had been achieved. A numerical model was developed and used for the simulation of the various surfactant-flushing experiments with different initial saturation patterns and flow rates. Through optimization against in situ concentration and saturation data, a phenomenological power-law model for the relationship between the mass transfer rate from the DNAPL to the mobile aqueous phase on the one hand and the residual DNAPL saturation and the flow velocity on the other hand was derived. The obtained mass transfer rate parameters provide a reasonable fit to the experimental data, predicting the cleanup time and the general saturation and concentration pattern quite well but failing to predict the concentration curves at every individual sampling port. The obtained mass transfer rate model gives smaller values for the predicted mass transfer rate but shows a comparable dependence on water flow and saturation as in earlier published one-dimensional column experiments with identical characteristics for porous medium, DNAPL and surfactant. Mass transfer rate predictions were about one order of magnitude lower in the 2-D flow cell experiment than in 1-D column experiments. These results give an indication for the importance of dimensionality during surfactant remediation. 相似文献
245.
Erisman JW Vermeulen A Hensen A Flechard C Dämmgen U Fowler D Sutton M Grünhage L Tuovinen JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,133(3):403-413
Monitoring and modelling of deposition of air pollutants is essential to develop and evaluate policies to abate the effects related to air pollution and to determine the losses of pollutants from the atmosphere. Techniques for monitoring wet deposition fluxes are widely applied. A recent intercomparison experiment, however, showed that the uncertainty in wet deposition is relatively high, up to 40%, apart from the fact that most samplers are biased because of a dry deposition contribution. Wet deposition amounts to about 80% of the total deposition in Europe with a range of 10-90% and uncertainty should therefore be decreased. During recent years the monitoring of dry deposition has become possible. Three sites have been operational for 5 years. The data are useful for model development, but also for model evaluation and monitoring of progress in policy. Data show a decline in SO(2) dry deposition, whereas nitrogen deposition remained constant. Furthermore, surface affinities for pollutants changed leading to changes in deposition. Deposition models have been further developed and tested with dry deposition measurements and total deposition measurements on forests as derived from throughfall data. The comparison is reasonable given the measurement uncertainties. Progress in ozone surface exchange modelling and monitoring shows that stomatal uptake can be quantified with reasonable accuracy, but external surface uptake yields highest uncertainty. 相似文献
246.
Sven Scheil Guido Baumgarten Bernhard Reiter Stefan Schwartz Jan Oliver Wagner Stefan Trapp Michael Matthies 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1995,2(4):238-241
The model system CemoS1 (Chemical Exposure Model System) was developed for the exposure prediction of hazardous chemicals released to the environment.
Eight different models were implemented involving chemicals fate simulation in air, water, soil and plants after continuous
or single emissions from point and diffuse sources. Scenario studies are supported by a substance and an environmental data
base. All input data are checked on their plausibility. Substance and environmental process estimation functions facilitate
generic model calculations. CemoS is implemented in a modular structure using object-oriented programming.
e-mail: cemos@aphrodite.mathematik.uni-osnabrueck.de 相似文献
247.
The trihalomethane (THM) concentrations in drinking water are greatly affected by the disinfection methods as well as the organic content of the water. The THM formation was shown to increase considerable during 24 hours. This indicates a higher concentration of THM at the consumers' tap compared to the levels in the outgoing water from the water work. The dosage ratio between chlorine and ammonium sulphate can be used to regulate the THM concentrations. Disinfection with a relatively high dosage of chlorine dramatically increase the THM level while the equal amount of chlorine dioxide produces trace concentrations of THM only. The relatively low THM concentrations in Swedish drinking water as compared to levels found in water from for example the USA may probably depend on the low chlorine dosage practiced in Sweden. 相似文献
248.
Groundwater contamination by chlorinated naphthalenes and related substances caused by activities of a former military base 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Water samples derived from two different aquifer layers of six sampling sites were analysed by GC/MS in order to characterize a groundwater contamination caused by chemicals used for wood impregnation. Mono- and dichlorinated naphthalenes, chlorobenzo(b)thiophene, 1-chloro-4-naphthol, 1-chloronaphthoic acid, acenaphthene and methyled naphthalenes were identified as the main pollutants and quantified. 1-Chloro-4-naphthol and 1-chloronaphthoic acid are discussed as possible indicators for anaerobic degradation processes. Results of inorganic and compound specific stable carbon isotope analyses revealed only a minor degree of microbiological transformation. Thus, sorption was characterized as the main attenuation process within the aquifer affecting the contamination described. 相似文献
249.
Henner Hollert Jan Ahlers Ralf Schulz Gerrit Schüürmann Hans Toni Ratte und Roland Nagel 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2005,17(1):1-2
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
250.
Isolation and identification of intermediates from biodegradation of low chlorinated biphenyls (Delor-103) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Tríska J Kuncová G Macková M Nováková H Paasivirta J Lahtiperä M Vrchotová N 《Chemosphere》2004,54(6):725-733
Microorganism Pseudomonas species P2 metabolizes polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and biphenyl, producing the whole spectrum of intermediates, among them coloured intermediates, which are suitable for the monitoring of PCBs degradation by optical sensors. Knowledge of chemical structures and conditions of development of colour metabolites is necessary for application of optical analytical methods. The main goal of this work was the isolation and identification of intermediates from the biodegradation of the mixture of low chlorinated biphenyls (Delor-103), which is based on the solid phase extraction (SPE) of the whole mixture using LiChrolut EN cartridges, then silylation of the extract as one way to the identification of one part of intermediates by GC-MS, and acetylation of the extract as a way for the further concentration and analysis of more polar chlorobiphenylols and chlorobiphenyldiols. The combination of SPE and following acetylation allows to obtain chlorobiphenylols and chlorobiphenyldiols as an almost pure fraction. The acetylation method could be also used instead SPE procedure with the same final concentration effect. Using the simulation mass spectrometry program, two new compounds, dihydrodihydroxytrichloro- and tetrahydrodihydroxytrichlorobiphenyl, as silylderivatives, were identified. 相似文献