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161.
Shults RA Jones BH Kresnow MJ Langlois JA Guerrero JL 《Journal of Safety Research》2004,35(4):447-452
INTRODUCTION: Little population-based information exists about the long-term effects of motor-vehicle crash-related injuries. METHOD: We analyzed data from the 1995 National Health Interview Survey Disability (NHIS-D) Supplement to estimate the prevalence of crash-related disability among noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged 18 years and older. RESULTS: More than 1.2 million adults were living in their homes with the disabling effects of motor-vehicle crash-related injuries in 1995. The prevalence of crash-related disability was highest for persons in their mid-life years, ages 35-64. Half of the respondents had sustained the injuries more than 5 years before the interview. Forty-one percent of working-aged individuals reported being unable to work because of their disability. CONCLUSIONS: Because crash-related disability is most prevalent during the mid-life years, quality of life and productivity may be affected for decades. These findings highlight the personal and societal burden associated with motor-vehicle crash-related disability in the United States. 相似文献
162.
Jean‐Paul Schwitzgubel 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2001,11(4):63-78
Phytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants and their associated microorganisms, soil amendments, and agronomic techniques to remove, contain, or render harmless environmental pollutants. At the present time, phytoremediation is an emerging technology and there is still a significant need to pursue both fundamental and applied research to fully exploit the metabolic and growth habits of higher plants. It is precisely the purpose of the European COST Action 837 to stimulate the development and evaluate the potential of plant biotechnology for the removal of organic pollutants and toxic metals from wastewater and contaminated sites. However, green plants grow under nonsterile conditions and thus strongly interact with many microorganisms, like bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. In this context, an Inter‐COST Workshop on bioremediation was recently organized to address the significance of soil microorganisms for plants, and the importance of their interactions, with regard to their potential for phytoremediation. Based on the outcomes of this workshop, the potential use of phytoremediation is presented in this article. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
163.
Sophie Arnaud-Haond V. Vonau C. Rouxel F. Bonhomme Jean Prou E. Goyard P. Boudry 《Marine Biology》2008,155(2):147-157
In order to study further the genetic structure of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera in French Polynesia with a special consideration for the sampling scale, we analyzed or re-analyzed sets of data based on
nuclear DNA markers obtained at different spatial scales. At a large scale (several 1,000 km), the remote Marquesas Islands
were confirmed to be significantly differentiated from Tuamotu–Gambier and Society archipelagos, with a marked difference
however for the two main islands that are different from each other. At a medium scale (several 10 to several 100 km), overall
homogeneity was observed within and between these two archipelagos, with some exceptions. This could be attributed both to
large-scale larval dispersal and to human-driven spat translocations due to pearl oyster cultivation. These results contrast
with those observed (1) at a small scale (less than 10 km) in a lagoon heavily impacted by translocation and cultural practices,
where significant genetic differentiation was detected among three laying beds, and (2) at a micro scale where we detected
an important variability of the genetic composition of young spat recruited on artificial collectors. Such patterns could
result from a high variance in the number of genitors at the origin of each cohort, or from pre- or post-settlement selection
on linked loci. Altogether, our data support the hypothesis that under certain conditions populations of bivalves may exhibit
patterns of chaotic genetic patchiness at local scale, in line with the increasing report of such patchiness in marine benthic
organisms. This underlines the importance of sampling scale that should be rigorously defined depending on the questions to
be answered. Nevertheless, a survey of about 80 articles dealing with population genetics of marine invertebrates showed that
only 35% of those studies disclosed details about the sampling strategy (particularly the area explored). These results emphasize
the need for cautious interpretation of patterns of genetic structure at medium scale when rigorous sampling strategies are
not deployed.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
164.
Anne-Leila Meistertzheim Isabelle Calvès Valérie Roussel Alain Van Wormhoudt Jean Laroche Sylvain Huchette Christine Paillard 《Marine Biology》2014,161(8):1883-1893
Increasing temperature of seawater is often associated with increased exposure incidence of disease in field and in aquaculture populations. Numerous episodic mass mortalities of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata have been observed along the northern Brittany coast of France caused by a complex interaction between the host, pathogen and environmental factors. Here, we evaluated the potential of high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis for mutation genotyping and development of genetic markers for resistance to vibriosis in the gastropod species H. tuberculata. Small amplicon assays were developed and revealed genetic polymorphism between surviving and susceptible abalone obtained after two successive infections of aquaculture families in controlled conditions. Together with specific COI haplotypes, we identified particular genotypes in nascent polypeptide-associated complex subunit alpha and ferritin genes linked to the susceptibility or resistance of abalone to vibriosis. Selection of genitors based on these genes may increase the proportion in offspring of resistant individuals of more than 76 %. Finally, HRM assays constitute a very efficient genotyping tool to validate the genetic markers on a representative number of individuals of wild populations and thus identify future resistant genitors for aquaculture or conservation purposes. 相似文献
165.
Whether sexual selection and species recognition involve distinct preferences and signals is still debated. Earlier work showed that traits under sexual selection can reduce the efficiency of species recognition but remains uncertain on how frequently such a conflict occurs. We can, however, hypothesise that overlapping distributions of sexual signals may enhance the hybridization risk in many species. We tested this hypothesis in a newt, Lissotriton vulgaris, which hybridises with Lissotriton helveticus. The two species also share an ultraviolet (UV) colour trait, which influences male attractiveness in L. vulgaris, though this trait is probably not functional for sexual communication in L. helveticus. We predicted that the shared trait would affect species recognition when UV radiation is present in the environment. We staged binary choice preference tests under UV+ and UV? conditions. In the UV+ treatment, female preference depended on the values of the shared UV trait and total brightness, regardless of male species identity. Thus, species recognition was enhanced or reversed depending on the difference in the male trait. Females preferred no male type in the UV? treatment, likely explained by our design, which alternated different sensory environments, and the limited prior exposure of subjects to the other species’ morph. We conclude that the presence of this shared trait used in sexual communication contributes to the production of hybrids in syntopic ponds. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of the influence of an UV sexual signal modulating species recognition. 相似文献
166.
This work is devoted to some methodological developments on information fusion in presence of uncertainty and their application in the frame of the BEMUSE Programme. In nuclear safety studies, different uncertainty analyses using different codes and implying different experts are generally performed. It is then useful to define formal methods to combine all these information sources in order to improve the reliability of the expertise process and especially to detect possible conflicts (if any) between the sources. Starting from the IRSN methodology already introduced in Destercke and Chojnacki (Nucl Eng Des 238(9):2484–2493, 2008), this paper presents a more convenient reformulation of its construction to allow its use by engineers. It is then applied to analyse the results coming from the BEMUSE Programme. 相似文献
167.
168.
Sediment measurement and transport modeling: impact of riparian and filter strip buffers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Well-calibrated models are cost-effective tools to quantify environmental benefits of conservation practices, but lack of data for parameterization and evaluation remains a weakness to modeling. Research was conducted in southwestern Oklahoma within the Cobb Creek subwatershed (CCSW) to develop cost-effective methods to collect stream channel parameterization and evaluation data for modeling in watersheds with sparse data. Specifically, (i) simple stream channel observations obtained by rapid geomorphic assessment (RGA) were used to parameterize the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model stream channel variables before calibrating SWAT for streamflow and sediment, and (ii) average annual reservoir sedimentation rate, measured at the Crowder Lake using the acoustic profiling system (APS), was used to cross-check Crowder Lake sediment accumulation rate simulated by SWAT. Additionally, the calibrated and cross-checked SWAT model was used to simulate impacts of riparian forest buffer (RF) and bermudagrass [ (L.) Pers.] filter strip buffer (BFS) on sediment yield and concentration in the CCSW. The measured average annual sedimentation rate was between 1.7 and 3.5 t ha yr compared with simulated sediment rate of 2.4 t ha yr Application of BFS across cropped fields resulted in a 72% reduction of sediment delivery to the stream, while the RF and the combined RF and BFS reduced the suspended sediment concentration at the CCSW outlet by 68 and 73%, respectively. Effective riparian practices have potential to increase reservoir life. These results indicate promise for using the RGA and APS methods to obtain data to improve water quality simulations in ungauged watersheds. 相似文献
169.
Restoration efforts to increase wildlife habitat quality in agricultural landscapes have limited funding and are typically
done on a first come, first serve basis. In order to increase the efficiency of these restoration efforts, a prioritized ranking
system is needed to obtain the greatest increase in habitat quality possible for the fewest amount of hectares restored. This
project examines the use of a GIS based multi-criteria approach to prioritize lands for reforestation along the Kaskaskia
River in Illinois. Loss of forested area and corresponding increase in forest fragmentation has decreased songbird habitat
quality across the Midwestern United States. We prioritized areas for reforestation based on nine landscape metrics: available
agricultural land, forest cover gaps, edge density, proximity to river, 200 m corridor area, total forest core area, fringe
core area, distance to primary core value, and primary core area. The multi-criteria analysis revealed that high priority
areas for reforestation were most likely to be close to the riparian corridor and existing large blocks of forest. Analysis
of simulated reforestation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0% of highest priority parcels reforested) revealed different
responses for multiple landscape metrics used to quantify forest fragmentation following reforestation, but indicated that
the study area would get the greatest rate of return on reforestation efforts by reforesting 10.0% of the highest priority
areas. This project demonstrates how GIS and a multi-criteria analysis approach can be used to increase the efficiency of
restoration projects. This approach should be considered by land managers when attempting to identify the location and quantity
of area for restoration within a landscape. 相似文献
170.
Keith E. Schilling Thomas M. Isenhart Jason A. Palmer Calvin F. Wolter Jean Spooner 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2011,47(4):672-686
Schilling, Keith E., Thomas M. Isenhart, Jason A. Palmer, Calvin F. Wolter, and Jean Spooner, 2011. Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):672‐686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00533.x Abstract: Suspended sediment is a major water quality problem, yet few monitoring studies have been of sufficient scale and duration to assess the effectiveness of land‐use change or conservation practice implementation at a watershed scale. Daily discharge and suspended sediment export from two 5,000‐ha watersheds in central Iowa were monitored over a 10‐year period (water years 1996‐2005). In Walnut Creek watershed, a large portion of land was converted from row crop to native prairie, whereas in Squaw Creek land use remained predominantly row crop agriculture. Suspended sediment loads were similar in both watersheds, exhibiting flashy behavior typical of incised channels. Modeling suggested that expected total soil erosion in Walnut Creek should have been reduced 46% relative to Squaw Creek due to changes in land use, yet measured suspended sediment loads showed no significant differences. Stream mapping indicated that Walnut Creek had three times more eroding streambank lengths than did Squaw Creek suggesting that streambank erosion dominated sediment sources in Walnut Creek and sheet and rill sources dominated sediment sources in Squaw Creek. Our results demonstrate that an accounting of all sources of sediment erosion and delivery is needed to characterize sediment reductions in watershed projects combined with long‐term, intensive monitoring and modeling to account for possible lag times in the manifestation of the benefits of conservation practices on water quality. 相似文献