新型高效H2-SCR尖晶石型NiFe2O4催化还原NO

采用柠檬酸配位溶胶-凝胶法制备尖晶石型复合金属氧化物NiFe2O4,以H2为还原剂,在固定床反应器中考察了该催化剂催化还原NO的性能,并借助X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、比表面积测定(BET)、程序升温还原(TPR)和程序升温脱附(TPD)等方法对样品的晶体结构、形貌等特性进行了表征.结果表明.在空速4500 h-1,H2/NO浓度比为1,温度为400℃下,H2催化还原NO的效率可达97.8%,高H2/NO浓度比对NO转化率提升不大,高空速对其催化活性无明显影响.所制备的NiFe2O4催化剂具有典型的尖晶石结构,颗粒不规则,粒径大约为30—150 nm,并且具有良好的双官能团氧化还原性质.     

基于改进贝叶斯网络的加油站火灾爆炸分析

为了找出导致加油站发生火灾爆炸事故的基本事件及其可能性大小,以加油站火灾爆炸故障树为基础建立相应的贝叶斯网络风险模型。在FTA向BN转化算法的基础上对条件概率做出了修正。利用GeNIe软件计算加油站火灾爆炸事故基事件的后验概率,同时进行灵敏度和影响力分析。最后通过实例分析,找出了导致某加油站发生火灾爆炸事故危险性最大的因素集为:加油站接打手机、机械碰撞、给塑料容器加油、加油冒油、油枪渗漏等。结果表明,注重基事件的多态性和事件间逻辑关系合理性的新模型,能推算出更准确的基事件概率分布,同时可以找出导致事故发生的最有可能途径,为加油站事故预防,系统改进提供较为合理性建议。     

影响上海的一次沙尘过程WRF-Dust数值模拟

利用完全耦合大气化学模式WRF-Dust(Weather Research and Forecasting-Dust)对2011年5月1~4日影响上海地区的一次典型沙尘天气过程进行了数值模拟研究,并与观测资料进行了对比分析.结果表明:WRF-Dust模式成功模拟了此次沙尘过程的形成、发展和演变的整体特征及其影响时间及范围;较好地模拟了沙尘到达上海的时间(模式和观测均在1日11:00前后)和直接影响的结束时间(2日02:00前后),而且模式沙尘浓度与观测资料较为一致;但局部地区和部分时段的气象条件和沙尘模拟还存在一定的偏差,未能准确模拟过程后期沙尘回流对长三角沿海地区的影响.分析了导致模拟偏差的原因,并探讨了提高模式沙尘模拟能力的可能途径.     

曝气生物滤池流态特性研究

为了解流体在反应器中的流动特征并为进一步提高反应器处理效率而改善水力条件,通过以KCl为示踪剂的脉冲示踪电导法对上向流曝气生物滤池在不同填料层高度和操作条件下的水力学特性进行摸拟研究.结果表明,平均停留时间主要受填料高度和水流速度影响,受气速影响较小.曝气生物滤池的流态随填料层高度的增加趋于相对稳定且接近推流;但滤床底部和顶部的流态却受水流速度和气流速度的影响较大且偏离推流.最后,建立了在曝气和不曝气两种操作条件下平均停留时间、流态与填料层高度、水流速度、气流速度的数学模型,这可用来预测反应器的流态变化特征,以改善曝气生物滤池的水力条件.     

Influence of arsanilic acid,Cu2+, PO43− and their interaction on anaerobic digestion of pig manure

The methanogenesis was severely inhibited with 0.46 mM ASA addition.PO₄³⁻ didn’t attenuate the methanogenesis inhibition in the existence of ASA.ASA was transformed to As(III), As(V), MMA and DMA in anaerobic digestion.Cu²⁺ mitigated the methanogenesis inhibition via impeding the degradation of ASA.Arsanilic acid (ASA), copper ion (Cu²⁺) and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) are widely used as feed additives for pigs. Most of these three supplemented feed additives were excreted in feces and urine. Anaerobic digestion is often used for the management of pig manure. However, the interaction of ASA with Cu²⁺ or PO₄³⁻ on anaerobic digestion is still not clear. In this study, the influence of ASA, Cu²⁺, PO₄³⁻ and their interaction on anaerobic digestion of pig manure and the possible mechanisms were investigated. The initial concentrations of ASA, Cu²⁺ and PO₄³⁻ were 0.46 mM, 2 mM and 2 mM in the anaerobic digester, respectively. The methanogenesis was severely inhibited in the assays with only ASA addition, only Cu²⁺ addition and ASA+ PO₄³⁻ addition with the inhibition index of 97.8%, 46.6% and 82.6%, respectively, but the methanogenesis inhibition in the assay with ASA+ Cu²⁺ addition was mitigated with the inhibition index of 39.4%. PO₄³⁻ had no obvious impacts on the degradation of ASA. However, Cu²⁺ addition inhibited the degradation of ASA, mitigating the methanogenesis inhibition. The existence of ASA would inhibit methanogenesis and generate more toxic inorganic arsenic compounds during anaerobic digestion, implying the limitation of anaerobic digestion for ASA- contaminated animal manure. However, the co-existence of ASA and Cu²⁺ could mitigate the inhibition. These results could provide useful information for the management of anaerobic digestion of pig manure containing ASA with Cu²⁺.     

Effects of eggshell addition on calcium-deficient acid soils contaminated with heavy metals

The eggshell was used to remediate the contaminated soil by heavy metals. The eggshell addition decreased the available state of the heavy metals. The available calcium in the soil increased due to eggshell addition. The efficiency was investigated in different moisture conditions. In this study, effects of water conditions (flooded, wet, or dry) and eggshell dosages (0, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 g/kg soil, respectively) on pH variation, content of unavailable state of heavy metals, form of heavy metals, and available nutritious element calcium (Ca) in acid soils contaminated with heavy metals were investigated, respectively. The soil samples were continuously cultivated indoors and analyzed by toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that the addition of eggshell could effectively improve the pH of acid soil and increase it to neutral level. Moreover, the contents of unavailable state of heavy metals Cu, Zn, and Cd increased significantly. Furthermore, when the soil was cultivated under the flooded condition with 1.0 g/kg eggshell, the unavailable state of Cu, Zn, and Cd increased the most, and these heavy metals were transformed into residual state. On the other hand, the amount of available state of Ca increased to 432.19 from 73.34 mg/kg with the addition of 1.0 g/kg eggshell, which indicated that the addition of eggshell dramatically improved the available state of Ca. Therefore, eggshell could ameliorate the soil environment as it led to the decrease of available heavy metals and improvement of fertilization effectively. In a word, this study indicates that the addition of eggshell would be a new potential method for remediation of acid field soils contaminated with heavy metals.     

太湖地区典型轮作与休耕方式对稻田水稻季N2O和CH4排放量的影响

轮作休耕是实现"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"的重要途径之一,目前在太湖稻田区域主要推广紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)-水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)-水稻和休耕-水稻典型轮作与休耕方式。在太湖地区典型稻田水稻生长季设置了6个处理:(1)紫云英-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,MRN0;(2)紫云英-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2,以纯氮计,下同),MRN300;(3)油菜-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,RRN0;(4)油菜-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),RRN300;(5)休耕-水稻轮作,不施N肥处理,FRN0;(6)休耕-水稻轮作,当地常规施肥量(300 kg·hm^-2),FRN300。通过田间试验,研究了不同轮作与休耕方式对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及稻田温室气体CH₄和N₂O排放的影响,从而为综合评价轮作休耕方式提供科学依据。田间试验结果显示,与不施氮肥处理相比,在不同轮作休耕方式下施氮300 kg·hm^-2,可增加53.7%—60.0%的水稻产量,以MRN300处理水稻产量最高,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,水稻产量分别提高了1.6%和6.0%。在不施氮水平下,MRN0、RRN0和FRN0各轮作处理间N₂O排放通量和累积排放量均值差异不显著(P>0.05)。而在施氮300 kg·hm^-2下,紫云英-水稻轮作可降低N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,N₂O排放通量分别降低了36.0%(P<0.05)和2.1%(P>0.05)。在同一施氮水平下,紫云英-水稻轮作CH₄排放通量和累积排放量最小,与RRN300和FRN300处理相比,MRN300处理CH₄排放通量分别降低了1.1%和6.7%,CH₄和N₂O的全球增温潜势(GWP)分别降低了3.3%和6.5%,单位水稻产量温室气体排放强度(GHGI)分别降低了4.6%和11.6%。综上,紫云英-水稻轮作对提高水稻产量,降低温室气体排放效果最好。     

大气中PM2.5污染现状、健康效应及其致炎症机制研究进展

空气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染已成为影响人体健康的重要因素,其健康效应及致炎症机制已经受到人们的广泛关注。简述了PM_(2.5)国内外污染现状,从PM_(2.5)的质量浓度和组成成分2个方面系统地阐述了其对人体健康的危害,并重点从介导信号通路和介导细胞自噬2个方面对PM_(2.5)导致机体炎症反应的毒性机制进行了总结和讨论,为后续研究和控制PM_(2.5)对机体健康的危害提供科学参考。     

温度和搅拌对牛粪厌氧消化系统抗生素抗性基因变化和微生物群落的影响

分别设置中温不搅拌、中温搅拌、高温不搅拌和高温搅拌这4种牛粪厌氧消化处理,探究温度和搅拌对牛粪厌氧消化抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）变化及微生物群落的影响.以厌氧消化特性为基础,分析ARGs和可移动遗传元件（mobile genetic elements,MGEs）的丰度变化和微生物群落结构,并利用网络分析和冗余分析探究影响ARGs变化的关键因素.通过双因素方差分析可知,温度对厌氧消化产气的影响（η²=0.934）强于搅拌（η²=0.911）,高温总产气量较中温提高了13.93%,且中温条件下搅拌的总产气量较未搅拌提高了12.63%.温度对ARGs去除的影响（η²=0.992）也强于搅拌（η²=0.920）.高温将ARGs和MGEs的去除量显著提升至0.09~1.53（对数值）,但搅拌对ARGs和MGEs的去除无显著影响.微生物群落受温度的影响也更为显著,门水平微生物Firmicutes成为高温条件下的绝对优势菌,相对丰度高达86%以上.属水平微生物Sedimentibacter、Sphaerochaeta和Pseudomonas等为ARGs的潜在宿主菌,直接影响ARGs的变化.理化因子影响了微生物的分布,尤其是总氨氮和总挥发酸,通过影响ARGs宿主菌间接影响ARGs的变化.整体来看,高温不搅拌的消化条件有利于气体的产生和ARGs的去除.     

大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台典型城市应用研究

以典型城市济南市为研究对象,利用大气污染防治综合决策支持技术平台(简称“技术平台”)综合评估了济南市《2018年大气污染治理“十大措施”实施方案》(简称“‘十大措施’”)的实施效果,并进一步基于特定空气质量目标〔济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(O₃)同比2017年分别下降20%、8%〕开展大气污染防治策略寻优及费效评估.结果表明:①“十大措施”实施后,SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5减排率分别为39%、24%、42%、41%,该情景在2017基准年气象条件下可使济南市2018年ρ(PM_2.5)同比下降19%,新增治污成本约4.70×108元,效益-成本比约1.40;单位减排成本最低的本地扬尘源减排对ρ(PM_2.5)下降的贡献率最大,建议济南市下一阶段应进一步强化扬尘源减排.②经过策略寻优,反算得到了SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、一次PM_2.5的减排率分别为46%、20%、42%、60%的优化策略,该策略下的新增治污成本约4.69×108元;对比“十大措施”,优化策略提高了SO₂和一次PM_2.5的减排率,降低对O₃具有负贡献的NO_x减排率,满足空气质量目标的同时又尽可能地降低了治污成本,将效益-成本比提升至1.88.技术平台在济南市的初步成功应用,为济南市下一阶段的大气污染防治提供基于实证的科学依据;同时对其在我国城市逐步推广具有重要示范意义,可有效支撑大气污染防治综合科学决策制定.