我国油田产出水再利用技术现状及展望

随着我国油气田勘探开发力度加大和新环保法的实施,油田开采过程中耗水量大和污水处理问题是我国油气田企业面临的共同难题。从污水余热回收、污水回注、压裂液重复利用、钻井废水再利用四个方面,介绍了国内油田产出水再利用技术研究进展与应用现状,指出目前存在的污水余热再利用应用范围不广、回注污水利用不合理、化工原料未回收利用等主要问题。并通过文献调研,展望了油田污水再利用技术的发展方向,指出需从污染源头防控入手,研发更加经济环保的液体配方,并深入研究从污水中取热、取水及取化工原料的循环再利用技术,因地制宜制定相应的水质及污水配伍性实验评价标准,实现从源头至末端治理相结合的油田污水清洁生产。     

欧盟经济与环境关系问题浅议——基于经济发展、能源消耗与温室气体排放的统计分析

基于Eurostat New Cronos数据库提供的欧盟25个国家2003年的GDP、能源消耗与温室气体排放数据,在SAS系统下,运用描述性分析与回归分析,检测了欧盟25个国家经济发展、能源消耗与温室气体排放之间的相关性.研究表明:GDP、能源消耗和温室气体排放三者之间存在正相关性;相对经济发展的环境代价而言,欧盟新成员国的环境影响问题较欧盟15国更严重.     

苯胺蓝脱色放线菌的分离及脱除特性研究

通过苯胺蓝平板法从陕西秦岭森林高度腐殖化土壤中分离得到一株具有高度碳源利用多样性放线菌AG-56,经16S r RNA鉴定为链霉菌属(Streptomyces),命名为Streptomyces AG-56,Gen Bank登录号KU925845.同时,考察了Streptomyces AG-56在液体条件下对苯胺蓝的降解能力.结果显示,菌株AG-56对苯胺蓝的3个波长(602、314、192 nm)吸收基团都具有不同程度的降解能力,并伴有物理吸附作用,其中对602 nm处基团具有最大的脱除能力,脱除率为72%.菌株AG-56在污水脱色方面特别是对三芳基甲烷类染料废水处理方面展现出了巨大的应用潜能.     

On-line early fault detection and diagnosis of municipal solid waste incinerators

A fault detection and diagnosis framework is proposed in this paper for early fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) in order to improve the safety and continuity of production. In this framework, principal component analysis (PCA), one of the multivariate statistical technologies, is used for detecting abnormal events, while rule-based reasoning performs the fault diagnosis and consequence prediction, and also generates recommendations for fault mitigation once an abnormal event is detected. A software package, SWIFT, is developed based on the proposed framework, and has been applied in an actual industrial MSWI. The application shows that automated real-time abnormal situation management (ASM) of the MSWI can be achieved by using SWIFT, resulting in an industrially acceptable low rate of wrong diagnosis, which has resulted in improved process continuity and environmental performance of the MSWI.     

农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准制订探讨

农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准是农村环境管理的重要依据,关系到污水处理技术和工艺的选择,以及污水处理设施建设和运行维护成本.通过对北京市、重庆市及浙江省等地区农村生活污水排放标准进行对比,发现现有标准存在适用范围不清晰、分类分级思路不全面及控制指标选择不合理等问题.因此,基于优化农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准的制订提出3点建议:①明确标准适用于规模 < 500 m3/d的农村生活污水处理设施.②根据排水去向、处理设施规模以及尾水资源化利用因素等的不同进行标准分级.③建议选择pH、ρ（SS）、ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₃-N）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）及ρ（动植物油）等作为控制指标,其中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）适用于出水直接排入封闭水体或超标因子为氮、磷的不达标水体的处理设施,ρ（动植物油）适用于含农家乐废水的处理设施,有条件的地区可在上述控制指标的基础上适当增加,如阴离子表面活性剂浓度、类大肠菌群数、色度等.因此,提出因地制宜、及时修订、完善农村生活污水处理技术评估方法以及加强处理设施资金保障等建议,确保标准的顺利实施,切实做到污染物减排.      

纳米聚苯乙烯塑料对红霉素生物毒性效应的影响研究

微/纳米塑料（Micro/nano-plastic, MPs/NPs）和红霉素（ERM）是水环境中检出浓度较高新污染物,二者共存产生复合生态毒理风险.以大型溞为模式生物,研究不同老化程度的纳米聚苯乙烯塑料（PS）和ERM单独与联合暴露对浮游动物生长、繁殖、游泳等生态行为及相关蛋白和基因表达的影响.结果表明,PS和ERM能够显著影响大型溞生长、呼吸、氧化应激等多种生理行为,上调大型溞发育繁殖相关基因表达,下调抗氧化防御系统及解毒相关基因的表达.PS存在能够降低ERM对大型溞生殖、抗氧化系统和神经系统的毒性影响,增强大型溞生长发育毒性,且PS老化程度越高对ERM生物毒性的影响效果越显著.本研究为评估抗生素和纳米塑料共存污染对水生生物种群稳定和生态系统安全的影响提供数据支撑.     

Long-term effects of antibiotics,norfloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole,in a partial life-cycle study with zebrafish (Danio rerio): effects on growth,development, and reproduction

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A partial life-cycle study with zebrafish (Danio rerio) was conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of antibiotics, norfloxacin (NOR) and...     

葫芦科化学分类学

葫芦科为全世界约有110～122个属,775～960种的大科,我国有38属,约150种.该科植物中许多种类作为栽培植物,用作观赏、果蔬或药用,其化学成分十分复杂,大多数属中具有葫芦素类化合物.由于长期的栽培和人为繁育,化学成分的组成变得更加复杂,而化学成分的研究也不是十分全面,难以找到规律性.本文在葫芦科化学成分研究的基础上,探讨了其化学成分与各个属植物之间的相互联系.本文的讨论对整个葫芦科的化学分类学特征的化合物很难确定,但从化学系统学的角度,以葫芦科各个属的化学成分研究结果为基础,结合分类学的分属依据,讨论了葫芦科近缘属间关系,化学成分的结构类型基本上支持Takhtajan的葫芦科分类系统.表1参49     

Biological effects of citalopram in a suspended sediment-water system on Daphnia magna

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Suspended sediment (SPS) plays an important role in the aquatic ecosystems. Selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used...     

Bioconcentration,behavioral, and biochemical effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac in Daphnia magna

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac is one of the most frequently studied as well as controversially discussed pharmaceutically active drug on the subject of its relevance to the environment. This study was conducted to assess the bioconcentration potential of diclofenac and its behavioral and biochemical effects in Daphnia magna. The bioconcentration factors of diclofenac determined after 48 h of aqueous exposure in Daphnia magna were 70.94 and 8.02 for the nominal exposure concentrations of 5 and 100 μg/L, respectively. Diclofenac exposure obviously decreased the filtration and ingestion rates of the daphnids. A significant increase of the acetylcholinesterase activity that was observed in this study indicates that diclofenac might not have neurobehavioral toxicity in Daphnia magna. Significant induction of malondialdehyde content is an indication of overproduction of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative damage in daphnids after diclofenac exposure. Moreover, significant inhibition of the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities implies that the antioxidant defense system of Daphnia magna was overwhelmed. Also, significant inhibition of glutathione s-transferase activity might point to the fact that the enzyme was not capable to detoxify diclofenac in Daphnia magna. These findings indicate that diclofenac can accumulate and consequently stimulate behavioral and biochemical disturbances in Daphnia magna.