石盘丘小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤氮磷流失形态及通量

为了解三峡库区小流域不同土地利用方式下土壤氮、磷流失特征,为农业非点源污染防控提供科学依据;采用田间试验的方法,研究了三峡库区石盘丘小流域水田、旱坡地、林地、柑橘园和菜地这5种土地利用方式下地表径流不同形态氮、磷流失浓度与通量的特征.结果表明：全氮流失通量的顺序为水田[17.73 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 柑橘园[4.86 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 旱坡地[4.33 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 菜地[4.00 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 林地[2.41 kg·（hm²·a）^-1];全磷流失通量的顺序为菜地[4.97 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 柑橘园[1.87 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 水田[0.93 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 林地[0.27 kg·（hm²·a）^-1] > 旱坡地[0.19 kg·（hm²·a）^-1];5种土地利用方式下氮、磷流失主要集中在降雨频繁的4~5月,占全年氮、磷流失总负荷的53.80%~96.52%和56.03%~87.78%;氮流失主要以硝态氮（16.16%~52.70%）的形态流失,全氮流失通量与径流量呈现出显著正相关关系（R²=0.9826）;在菜地中颗粒磷是磷流失的主要形态（83.30%）,但在其他土地利用方式中表现不显著.不同土地利用方式下不同形态氮、磷流失存在显著差异,其中菜地应针对强降雨情况下颗粒磷流失的问题采取措施,水田应避免在降雨集中时期施肥;科学施肥和合理地土地利用方式配置是治理小流域农业非点源污染的重要途径.     

假单胞菌XD-1(Pseuomonas XD-1)的产表面活性剂性能研究

从含油废水中分离到1株表面活性剂产生菌,经鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseuomonassp.),命名为XD 1.对假单胞菌XD 1的产表面活性剂性能进行研究,实验结果表明,在正交优化的培养基中发酵培养时,菌XD 1可将培养液的表面张力从70 0mN·m-1降至30 2mN·m-1,其产表面活性剂方式为生长相关型;经提取分析,菌XD 1所产表面活性剂为脂肽类和糖脂类物质的混合物,脂肽类物质为主要成分;菌XD 1所产表面活性剂的CMC值为50mg·L-1,在pH=6 0时表面活性剂表现出最佳活性;菌XD 1所产表面活性剂主要积累在胞内特定的细胞器中,并在细胞壁上产生一层粘附的表面活性剂膜,膜厚140nm,在生长过程中,菌体会将细胞器和细胞壁上的表面活性剂释放到胞外.将培养72h的菌体浸入双蒸水中,6h后菌体能把积累在细胞器和细胞壁上的表面活性剂释放到水体中.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法和SMT分级方法,对比研究了海河流域典型人工河流子牙新河和滏阳新河、自然河流子牙河表层沉积物中磷形态.结果发现,两条河流沉积物中TC、TN、TP含量均很高,且相关性显著,污染较重且具有同源性.沉积物中总磷在568.2~9171.9mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的25.5%~81.8%之间,其次为NaOH-P,所占比例为9.3%~55.5%.使用~(31)P-NMR技术在沉积物中共检测到7类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P)及多聚磷酸盐(Poly-P).Ortho-P和Mono-P分别为总磷和有机磷的主要组成成分,含量分别在113.8~6226.1 mg·kg~(-1_和27.0~1991.9 mg·kg~(-1)之间.子牙河、子牙新河和滏阳新河两条河流在沉积物磷组成方面存在很大的差异子牙新河和滏阳新河沉积物中总磷明显高于子牙河.     

SBR处理模拟氯苯废水

在SBR中利用光合细菌球形红细菌污泥颗粒进行模拟氯苯废水处理的初步研究,结果表明,采用球形红细菌污泥颗粒处理模拟氯苯废水的SBR系统是可行的,其降解氯苯过程符合Monod一级反应动力学方程。当进水氯苯浓度在125～187.5 mg/L变化时,处理效率都能稳定在90.5%～95.6%之间;其最佳工艺条件为反应时间6 h、DO 4.75～5.0 mg/L、沉淀时间1.5 h、污泥颗粒浓度4 000～6 000 mg/L。在污泥颗粒浓度4 000 mg/L、DO 5.0 mg/L、反应时间6 h的最佳条件下,当进水COD为748.1 mg/L、氯苯浓度100 mg/L时,COD的去除率达90.9%,处理后出水COD满足国家一级排放标准要求。     

地震作用下滑坡水平运动距离概率预测模型∗

地震诱发滑坡失稳是一种常见的地质灾害。如何预测地震作用下滑坡的水平运动距离对该地质灾害的防治具有重要作用。现有经验预测模型存在不能区分有阻碍滑坡和无阻碍滑坡,依据的案例较少且只能提供滑坡水平运动距离的最优估计值而无法提供其预测误差的局限。针对上述不足,首先建立包含380个案例的地震滑坡水平运动距离案例库,基于最大似然法原理,提出可同时考虑有阻碍滑坡和无阻碍滑坡的地震滑坡运动距离经验模型标定方法。单因素回归分析表明,地震作用下滑坡水平运动距离与滑坡垂直运动距离和滑坡体积具有较高的相关性,与滑坡倾角和滑坡表面长宽比相关性较小。在此基础上,通过逐步回归的方法建立滑坡水平运动距离的多因素预测模型。案例分析表明,提出的模型具有较高的预测精度。提出的地震作用下滑坡水平运动距离预测模型可为地震滑坡危险性评价提供参考。     

开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压及灾害动力响应研究评述

为了进一步梳理和分析开敞空间可燃云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应方面的各项研究成果,推进可燃气体爆炸安全防控,减少人员伤亡和经济损失。在分析现有研究的基础上,总结开敞空间可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律及灾害动力响应研究等方面存在的不足,提出开敞空间多元混合气体爆炸冲击波超压传播规律研究、多影响参数下可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压传播规律定量分析、基于可燃气云爆炸冲击波超压作用下的承载体动力响应等未来研究的关键技术问题。     

太阳活动变化与新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的发展

已有研究表明,新型冠状病毒肺炎(以下简称"新冠肺炎")和以往的传染病大流行与太阳活动存在着密不可分的关系.但是究竟存在什么样的关系,尚未形成一致的意见.并且这些研究大多关注于大流行事件发生的年份与太阳活动周峰谷值年份之间的对应关系,却很少分析大流行的发展过程与太阳活动过程之间的关系.本文基于2020-01-01?—?2...     

滤纸法测定膨胀土总吸力试验及基质吸力预测研究

采用滤纸法测定膨胀土体吸力时,滤纸与土体表面距离不同所测得的滤纸含水率也不一样,获得的总吸力亦不相同。为此采用滤纸法开展了不同距离下的膨胀土总吸力测定试验,获得了不同距离条件下滤纸含水率的变化规律。干密度较小时,滤纸含水率随距离的增大呈现"减小-增大-减小"的规律;干密度较大时,滤纸含水率随距离的增大逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定。距离为3cm时所测得的吸力离散程度较小,可作为测定土体总吸力的标准距离。根据总吸力-距离关系式,通过引入伪基质吸力的概念,计算得到伪基质吸力,并与相应的真基质吸力进行比较。结果表明:不同干密度及含水率下的膨胀土真基质吸力与伪基质吸力之间存在良好的线性关系。此法可为测定现场土体基质吸力提供新的思路。     

Markers of oxidative stress and toxicant exposure among young waterpipe smokers in the USA

Waterpipe (aka hookah) tobacco smokers are exposed to toxicants that can lead to oxidative DNA and RNA damage, a precursor to chronic disease formation. This study assessed toxicant exposure and biomarkers of DNA [8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG)] and RNA [8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo)] oxidative damage during smoking of flavored and non-flavored waterpipe tobacco. Thirty waterpipe smokers completed two counterbalanced 2-h lab waterpipe smoking sessions (flavored vs. non-flavored waterpipe tobacco). Urinary concentrations of 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo and expired carbon monoxide (eCO) were measured before and after the smoking sessions. A significant increase in the urinary concentrations of 8-oxodG (from 2.12 ± 0.83 to 2.35 ± 0.91 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.024) and 8-oxoGuo (from 2.96 ± 0.84 to 3.45 ± 0.76 ng/mg creatinine, p = 0.003) were observed after smoking the non-flavored and flavored waterpipe tobacco, respectively. Our results also showed that the mean ± SD of eCO increased significantly after smoking the flavored (from 1.3 ± 1.1 to 20.3 ± 23.6 ppm, p < 0.001) and non-flavored waterpipe tobacco (from 1.8 ± 1.2 to 24.5 ± 26.1 ppm, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the means of 8-oxodG (p = 0.576), 8-oxoGuo (p = 0.108), and eCO (p = 0.170) between the flavored and non-flavored tobacco sessions. Smoking non-flavored and flavored waterpipe tobacco leads to oxidative stress and toxicant exposure. Our findings add to the existing evidence about the adverse effects of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and the need for strong policies to inform and protect young people from the risks of WTS.