A participatory approach to the establishment of a baseline scenario for a reforestation Clean Development Mechanism project

This paper is part of a two-year study to investigate the feasibility of initiating a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project in an indigenous community of Eastern Panamá, Ipetí-Emberá. We use participatory mapping and matrices as well as household surveys to develop a land-use/land-cover baseline scenario and examine the role of local participation in assessing land-use change. In Ipetí, land-use change has not occurred in a linear way over the last decades, and our data unveils socio-economic factors as potential key drivers of change. The concordance that we observed between geographic information and individual and collective perceptions of land-use change substantiates the possibility of using local knowledge in the establishment of baseline data for CDM projects. Our calculations suggest that the total carbon (C) stocks in the Tierra Colectiva (TC) of Ipetí-Emberá in 2004 represents a 47% reduction from the estimated C stock at the onset of settlement in the early 1970’s. Results from the participatory assessments predict that, in 2024 and in absence of a CDM project, the C stocks will decline from 301,859 t C in 2004 to 155,730 t C, which constitutes a reduction of 52%. The scenario with CDM estimates C stocks of 305,853 t C for 2024, a value slightly superior to the 2004 value. In the TC there is ground to believe that cattle ranching is likely to become an ever more important activity as the population is young and growing and cannot easily move elsewhere. Forests tend to be cleared for cultivation while pastures are established on short fallows. Our baseline scenario underlines the potential for a CDM project to make a significant difference in the future C stocks of this landscape.     

纳米TiO_2-CS微球光催化降解亚甲基兰的研究

将用化学方法改性后的纳米TiO2与壳聚糖(CS)共混,通过反相悬浮、交联制备了纳米TiO2-CS微球光催化剂,以亚甲基兰为对象,紫外灯为光源,研究了亚甲基兰的初始浓度、光照时间、不同pH值、纳米TiO2的含量、催化剂用量对亚甲基兰光降解率的影响。结果表明:纳米TiO2-CS微球能显著地降解亚甲基兰,且易于回收、能重复使用,为其实际应用提供了有价值的参数。     

电凝聚处理轧制乳化废水的研究

用电凝聚法处理轧制乳化废水,探讨了影响破乳的各种因素,确定了最佳处理条件。研究结果表明:该法处理轧制乳化废水的效果很好,浊度去除率可达99.6%,COD去除率达99.5%。此外,还发现电凝聚法的处理效果优于药剂絮凝法。     

利用PCR-DGGE技术分析生物陶粒硝化反应器中微生物群落动态

为了揭示生物陶粒硝化反应器中活性污泥的微生物种群多样性,从运行不同时期的反应器中提取活性污泥,利用PCR-DGGE技术初步分析了生物陶粒反应器细菌的种群演替情况.结果表明,随着进水COD值的逐阶段降低,氨氮去除率逐步提高到64.38%.群落结构和优势种群的数量具有时序动态性,微生物多样性与废水的处理效果出现协同变化的特征.测序结果表明,生物陶粒反应器中运行第21天的优势种群除了自养细菌,还有异养细菌存在.其中自养细菌为Nitrosospira.sp和Nitrobacter.sp,异养细菌为Bacillus.sp、Pseudomonas.sp和Pseudochrobactrum.sp.     

新疆开都—孔雀河流域天然植被生态需水量研究

本研究以新疆开都—孔雀河流域为研究区,针对流域不同保护目标,采用定额法、阿克苏水平衡站公式和阿维里扬诺夫公式三种方法,分别估算了生态红线区和生态敏感区的生态需水量。研究结果表明开都—孔雀河流域生态红线区平均需水量为13.82×10~8m~3,生态敏感区平均生态需水量为2.06×10~8m~3,且潜水蒸发法中的阿克苏水平衡站公式的计算值与平均值最为接近。由于干旱区降水量稀少,天然植被生长完全依赖地下水,一般采用潜水蒸发法间接计算植被的生态需水量,在植被需水定额不好确定的情况下,更是首选潜水蒸发法进行生态需水量的估算。研究成果可以为孔雀河生态输水工程和塔里木河下游生态输水工程的实施提供科学依据。     

我国污水资源化存在问题及其对策

我国是缺水国家,水资源短缺严重制约着发展前景,水污染问题又使缺水状况更加突出.实施污水资源化战略可提高水的利用率,缓解部分水资源紧张问题.     

湖泊、水库水的强化混凝除藻的试验研究

就高锰酸钾复合药剂强化混凝对湖泊、水库水中藻类的去除进行了研究，试验表明：投加一定量的高锰酸钾复合药剂可显著提高水中藻类的去除率。将经与预氯化、预投加高锰酸钾除藻工艺进行比较，表明高锰 酸钾复合药剂强化混凝除藻效率明显优于传统预氯化、预投加高锰酸钾除藻工艺。     

螳螂川水质评价及污染防治对策

通过对螳螂川水质状况的分析，总结了水污染特征及主要污染原因，提出了污染治理对策。     

Persistent organochlorines in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St Lawrence River estuary--II. Temporal trends, 1982-1994

Blubber samples from 16 dead beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) collected during 1993-1994 in the St Lawrence River estuary were analysed for PCB congeners and other persistent organochlorines (DDT-group, chlorinated bornanes (toxaphene, CHB), chlordane SigmaCHL), hexachloro-cyclohexanes (SigmaHCH), chlorobenzenes (SigmaCBz), tris(p-chlorophenyl methane (TPMe) and mirex). Concentrations and relative proportions of major individual organochlorine components were within the same range as previous results for this population. Temporal trends were studied by combining the results with data from the analysis of 44 samples (1986-1990) and (for DDT and Aroclor PCBs only) with 20 samples (1982-1985) reported by Martineau et al., 1987. Results were lipid normalized and then age-adjusted by an ANCOVA model. Significant relationships between age and concentrations of most organochlorine groups were found for females but not for males. Significant declines were observed in SigmaDDT, and Aroclor PCBs (1.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively) in males between the 1982-1985 and 1993-1994 collection periods. Significant declines were also observed for SigmaHCH and SigmaCBz in males between 1986-1988 and 1993-1994. Mean concentrations of CHBs were significantly higher in 1993-1994 than in earlier years while dieldrin, SigmaCHL, mirex, and TPMe showed no trend. Declines in concentrations of major organochlorine groups were not observed in females possibly because of higher year to year, and within year, variation. The temporal trend in DDT and PCB concentrations in male beluga blubber paralleled trends in seals, eels, and seabirds in the St Lawrence estuary observed during the 1980s.     

Cost-effective selection of sampling frequencies for regulatory water quality monitoring

A dynamic programming code was formulated for the purpose of assigning sampling frequencies throughout a regulatory water quality monitoring network in order to optimize the statistical performance of the network while operating within a fixed budgetary constraint. The statistical objective is to achieve the greatest possible station to station uniformity in confidence interval widths about annual geometric means of the measured water quality variables and to keep the average confidence width reasonably small. The objective function is the sum (over several selected variables and all stations) of the normalized positive deviations of the predicted confidence interval widths from preselected design confidence interval widths. The code was designed to account for the effects of deterministic seasonal variation and serial correlation of the water quality observations by incorporating the results of the time series analysis of historical quality data. The economic constraint ensures that the annual operating cost of the system, including direct costs of travel and laboratory analysis, will not exceed the allowable budget. As an example situation, the dynamic programming code was used to assign sampling frequencies to the nine stations in Illinois from which historical quality data had been obtained and analyzed. Using five design quality constituents and representative travel and laboratory costs, an “optimal” design was produced. The optimal design achieved a 10% improvement in uniformity (standard deviation) of confidence interval widths when compared to a more traditional design based on the same budget and using identical sampling frequencies at every station.